Human Nutrition Worksheet Essay

Use Ch. 1, 2, & 3 of Visualizing Nutrition, supplemental course materials, the University Library, the Internet, or other resources to answer the following questions. Your response to each question should be 75 to 100 words. 1. What is nutrition? Why is nutrition essential to our daily lives? Nutrition is the process in which the body takes in nutrients and distributes it through the body. These nutrients give the body energy and supplies the body with materials that help tissue growth and processes. Nutrition is also known as the science or practice of consuming and utilizing foods. Nutrition is essential in our daily lives because it can dramatically affect the way the body functions. These nutrients are the body’s day to day source of fuel. 2. What is the connection between nutrition and health? Food is the main source for the body’s health and nutrition. Our health is based off of good nutrition. Without a healthy nutritious diet, not only is your physical health at risk, but you put your mental health at risk as well. Maintaining a healthy balanced diet can help to stimulate parts of the brain that causes depression and anxiety. It even helps to boost your energy level, thus helping you excel in most daily activities. 3. What is the relationship between poor nutrition and disease? Poor nutrition can be a result of not eating enough food, or not eating the right kind of food. Not eating enough or eating all the wrong kind of food can  lead the body to face health complications in the future. One complication the body faces with poor nutrition is diabetes. Diabetes can be caused by obesity, high blood pressure and high cholesterol. Anemia is another complication that the body faces when red blood cells are unable to carry enough oxygen to your body’s cells. This is caused by an iron deficiency. Some of the foods that contain iron can include: clams, oysters, liver, beef, poultry etc. 4. What does it mean to eat a balanced diet? Why is food choice important for good nutrition? A balanced diet means that the body is receiving the required portions from each food group from the food group pyramid. Food choice is important for good nutrition because it is up to the individual whether they chose to maintain a healthy life style by starting with what they eat. . A balanced diet is what is recommended in order to keep good health and healthy eating is what keeps the body healthy and strong. With poor choice in nutrition, the body can become vulnerable to disease and health complications in the future. 5. Why is physical activity important to a person’s health? What changes, if any, should you make to ensure you get enough physical activity? Physical activity is important to one’s health because it helps to reduce chances of a disease, it helps people feel better both physically and mentally. Many changes can come from making small changes in a person’s lifestyle. Keeping fit can also lead to more energy throughout the day and can have a positive effect to a person’s social interaction. Promoting good health with good eating habits and daily physical activity will make aging a lot easier on the body; not to mention one will look great doing it! 6. What influences your food choices? Why? I believe what influences my food choices is the food marketing and advertisements made through billboards, flyers, television and even social media. Personally noticed the increase in the advertisement of fat foods like McDonald’s, Carl’s Jr. Wendy’s, Jack in the Box and many more restaurants serving greasy foods. These foods are made at an affordable price and even available through drive trough’s to make it easier on the  consumers pocket and time. For me it is a lot easier to pick something up from a drive through, than to make the time to cook something healthy at home. 7. What is the difference between digesting protein and carbohydrates? Which would make you feel fuller longer? Why? Carbohydrates break down the sugars and starches of the food we eat. Our body’s then can use them as fuel. Proteins and fats can also be used as energy sources. Consuming carbs can offer the most direct way of supplying fuel to our body’s cells, while protein digestion can serve to reduce the large protein molecules in the foods you consume down to their individual building blocks, or amino acids. 8. How does today’s society affect our nutritional habits? Today’s society has a big impact on our nutritional habits due to all the advertising done for restaurants promoting unhealthy foods. Like I stated in question six, these restaurants are offering the buyers unhealthy food at affordable prices. Now a days, you don’t really see advertisement for health eating. The only restaurant that has somewhat of a healthy choice is Subway, but even then Subway has a lot of choices full of calories. In order to pick something healthy you have to read how many calories each item has and Subway has a calorie chart to look at for help. 9. How are nutrients used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? Adenosine triphosphate consists of carbohydrates and fats. Carbohydrates are the main source of ATP production. When carbs are broken down into glucose, they get stored in the muscles as glycogen. This then gets turned into ATP production. Fat is another fuel source that becomes of use when exercising. But in fat, you have the good fat and bad fat. Good fat energizes you to be less fatigued while working out, while bad fat has the opposite effects on the body. 10. Consider your personal dietary habits. What are some modifications you might make to promote good health? Considering my own dietary habits, I need to make healthier choices in order to reach a better state of health. Being pre diabetic means maintaining a healthier lifestyle along with more physical activity to burn off calories and set a goal of losing weight and staying fit. I need to start making healthier food choices rather than taking the easy way out and head for the drive through. Cooking meals a day before or taking one day to cook for the week can make time more manageable and help to make the change and keep up a healthy lifestyle.

Influence of Music vs. Books Essay

Music and books are active ingredients in our lives. They possess so much influential power which we use those influences everyday of our lives without even realizing it. We all have a favorite book that we read in elementary school or high school that taught us a lesson or that we related to. With that comes this influence that stays with us throughout our lives, we are able to take that influence and turn it into the reason we are the way we are or why we tend to make the decisions that we make. Most of us also have a favorite song or artist that sings a song that can take us to a certain place in our lives that was a happy time or even a sad time. We relate words and melody in a song to those influences we let take hold of us and frame our mind set in similar situations that make us so fond of the song or a particular type of music. Whether it be books or music, we are influenced by these two things, but which is the most beneficial? Books will challenge us and force an influence that is more positive than what music can bring to the table. Not all is bad in the music and books world. Let’s face it, we can learn tons from both of these forms of art. When it comes to music, just like books, there is a wide variety to choose from. The scope of books The different styles of books and music vary from person to person and not one style is better that the other. Music has many genres; rap, hip hop, r&b, country, sould, classical, jazz, blue grass, alternative and more. Books has many genres as well; mystery, western, teen, childrens and more. They both possess the power to bring out many emotions. Books have been developing over the years and the stories have gotten more intense and diverse. Music has also come a long way throughout time and so much has developed with the music scene. Certain types of music, as well as books, can reach people of all different ages and bring something out in them that nothing else can. Music today, that is most popular, has all sorts of curse words and disgusting messages in the song lyrics. Books can only convey so much. A book that a child would read in high school would have less of an influence for the simple fact that I don’t think many kinds like to read anyways. There is so much going on with the popular music scene, as far as it shaping the way that our kids dress nowadays to the decisions that they choose to  make. A child can tell you what the latest gossip is about their favorite musical artist is, rather than the title of the last book they read. If they were given an assignment to read in school, most would probably tell you that they have never really read a book completely that they were assigned to read in school. Most of the time it is the work of SparkNotes, a website most kids trust to tell them the summary of chapters of a particular book, that does the reading for them. So the influence of music has such a greater effect than a book would on a child. In conclusion books force an influence that is more positive that what music can bring to the table, but how does any of it mean anything if we have no control over those influences? Music can be a lovely thing for us to learn from but where does it end and where does it begin? Books contain so many lessons to be had and adventures to be made, but how can we take hold of them and all of the influence there? It is up to the reader and the love of music to decide what will influence them today, and the difference it will make tomorrow.

History DBQ

Ancient World: Civilizations and Religion Thousands of years ago, Ancient River Civilizations were thriving. At the time, they were like Paris, France, London, England or New York, New York; they were the places everyone wanted to be. These river civilizations established farming, formal religious rituals, governments, and writing and with all of these put together, they eventually became popular cities that created technology that made life much easier. You might have heard of many of these well known ancient civilizations such as: Mesopotamia,Egypt, India, and China. None of these civilizations would have been known if they hadn't made use of the technology and ways of living they developed. Ancient Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, is one of the many well known river civilizations. Ancient Mesopotamia consisted of city states including Assyria, Babylon, and many others. According to Document #1 , at around BBC, Assyrian physicians came up with the brill iant idea of using bandages to reduce swelling and to heal wounds. Might this be where the creation of â€Å"Band-Aids† started?It's always a possibility; the Ancient Mesopotamia created this thousands of years ago and we kept the invention growing because it worked. With the creation of the bandage, the Mesopotamia gained some thrill points in the area of medicine. The idea that was probably thought of as absurd eventually ended up being a technology that everybody uses to prevent wounds from becoming worse than what they start as. Bandages are still being used and updated in the 21st century. Imagine bandages in the next hundred years! Bandages weren't the only things Mesopotamia could boast about creating! Document #3 mentions that inBabylon, between 600 and BBC, Manipulators, king of Babylon, started developing the building of the Great Ramparts of Babylon. However, by the time Unpopularity's reign was ending, he had not yet finished the Great Ramparts. So his eldest son, Nebuchadnezzar, finished the Ramparts for his father. The finished Ramparts had a moat, 2 strong walls made of burnt brick circling the area, and fences 2. These Ramparts provided a type of safety barrier for the Babylonians. It protected them from the outside world; it was almost impossible from anyone to get in, and unless you knew a passageway, it was hard to get out.The next River civilization is Ancient Egypt. Egypt, located near the Nile River, was well known for many things. These things included their new means of travel, their process of mummification, their pyramids, and many more! If you've read the Kane Chronicles Series by Rick Ordain, you would already have some background information in mind about Ancient Egypt. However, in case you haven't read the book, the picture in Document #2 shows that when it came to transportation across the Nile, navigation was tough.Not many people were able to get through the Niles cataracts, rocks, rapids and waterfalls and hill they wer e traveling across the Nile, things happened and they were never seen again. So, the Egyptians created a boat called a Baroque. The Baroque helped travel across the Nile become easier. Baroque's were stronger than most other boats, so crashing into a rock once or twice didn't cause much damage. The Ancient Egyptians were also huge on domesticating plants and animals. They domesticated as much as cows down to the papyrus plant that they used to draw this primary source!The domesticated animals mainly helped with transportation on land and with food. The animals with higher populations could easily be killed to make food the same way we kill pigs, chicken, and cows to eat. The bigger animals such as cows could help carry things necessary to make even the smallest voyage into the desert. That's not the only thing Egyptians are known for! While the creation of the baroque bought Egypt thrill points in travel and the domestication of plants and animals bought the same in farming, the Anc ient civilization's most known skill was mummification.Document #4 describes the process of mummification. First, the embalmers, also known as the people who mummify the body, take out all of the body's organs and store them in separate Jars. Each lung gets a big Jar, the heart gets a medium sized Jar, the eyes are removed and put in smaller Jars, so on and so forth. The embalmers then slice open the corpse and fill the stomach with spices and herbs to make sure the body doesn't smell extremely bad after time. They then sew the body back together and put the body in salt for 70 days to mummify.After the 70 days, they wrap the corpse in bandages bonded by gum and put the body in a caskets. This entire process was done to King Tutu, and other pharaohs of the time. The mummification process bought experience to the Ancient Egyptians on medicine and preservation. Ancient India is another river civilization that advanced over the creation and use of new technologies. Located in the Indus River Valley, India created very unique towns in comparison to most other river civilizations.As shown in Document #6, Ancient India was an urban area with lots of streets and houses. Ancient India back then was similar to the Urbana of New York currently. There were houses from 1 story to 3 stories made of bricks, and these houses all had yards, Just like most houses in neighborhoods do. Each house was circled by a fence and right out of those fences we streets that led to other houses or other places. The ancient Indus civilization also had drainage systems in every house that led to the main street where there was lots of room to store the civilization's waste.I personally believe that the Indus River civilization was the most similar to America today because of the fact that their cities were so urbanize. Ancient China, located between the Yanking and Yellow rivers is the last major Ancient River civilization. China is well known today for exporting the majority of America's go ods. However, according to Document #7, during the 1 lath century BC, China was big with silk. If you've read Project Mulberry by Linda Sue Park, it tells a story of a young Chinese girl that does a project relating to the silk creating rates of silkworms in Mulberry trees.This was called sericulture. In Ancient China, Chinese people domesticated silkworms to create tons of silk. They eventually ended up weaving that silk into clothing and embroidery and the Chinese Civilization started trading the silk the same way they trade goods today. The trading of the silk clothing ended up making the civilization richer and richer day by day! Silk wasn't the only thing China had! According to Document #5, in the bronze age, the Chinese River Civilization suddenly doubled in strength.During this time, they created horse drawn chariots, a new form of writing, their own calendar, and social classes. With all of these elements, China finally became a full civilization with technologies supportin g it. To conclude, the four Ancient River Valleys started off as nothing, but eventually, with the help of technology, Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China all ended up being lots more than what they started off as. The increase of the usage of cosmologies in the civilizations really helped them thrive as a whole and become the civilizations we know them as today.

Book review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Book review - Essay Example The exercise on amplifying exceptions and complementing is very educative and practical; hence it can be used to cynosure on solution focused brief therapy. The parties taking part in the exercise are able to experience first hand the intended purpose. The second technique is asking the miracle question, where this technique is to help the client know what he/she wants done differently in that the first attempts chosen to solve a problem did not work out; therefore, another approach is needed. The last technique is to understand the structural component of feedback to clients using role play and interchanging of characters helps in the formulation and delivery of feedback to clients. Corey (2008) specifically talks about how personal experiences can influence change of behavior in their day to day life, a bad experience can trigger phobia. Therefore, due to the phobia triggered the victim tends to avoid situations where the phobia triggering stimuli

Abramoff case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abramoff case - Research Paper Example These political lobbyists offered gifts and campaign donations to legislators in return for the unfair legislative support. The scandal was brought to light following the federal investigations into the business as well as political dealings of Abramoff. Indian lobbying scandal was one of the major misdeeds of Abramoff and it was resulted from defrauding native Indian tribes of millions of dollars. As noted already, the scandal represented the bribing of government officials as well. From extensive FBI investigations, Abramoff found guilty of three felony counts including conspiracy, tax evasion, and fraud. The tax evasion charges were roughly amounted to $1.7 million whereas the loss of the defrauded tribes represented a figure of $66 million (US Senate, 2006). Abramoff was asked to cooperate with officials on the investigation of congressional corruption because he had bribed congressional representatives including Bob Ney of Ohio. The scandal also included the hiring of congressio nal staff with intent to influence their former employees. As Eliason (2009) points out, Neil Volz, the chief staff of Tom DeLay, was found guilty of offenses including fraud, conspiracy, and contravention of house rules and which in turn forced DeLay to relinquish his position as the chairperson of the house administration committee. It is apparent that the political scandal perpetrated by Abramoff had many ethical consequences. The parties involved in this scandal had ethical responsibilities toward the society and general public, and therefore the scandal resulted in an ethical downturn of the parties involved. The Abramoff scandal also represented the violation of societal values because ethics is an integral element determining acceptable behaviors in a society. To illustrate, Abramoff defrauded the native Indian tribes of millions of dollars through his lobbying activities, and from a societal perspective it is just equivalent to

Introduction to Outdoor Leadership Self-reflection Assignment Article

Introduction to Outdoor Leadership Self-reflection Assignment - Article Example Part of being a leader is explaining things in a clear and concise manner so that the people who I am leading can carry out the instructions that I give them. A negative part of this experience was that I was not always able to lead people as I would have liked. My communication skills, or lack of them, made it difficult for me to get my point across on occasion. This is something that I have learned from this experience. I need to work on my communication skills because this makes a leader either ordinary or great. I feel that am someone who can show what I want others to do, but I have a very hard time explaining it in words. I would like to improve my skills in this area so that I can become a better leader. 2. My father was someone who has influenced me the most about the outdoors. He would always take me out camping because he said that it was good to get away from all the noise and everyday living in the city. I look back on these times as good memories because I always enjoyed exploring new things, and the outdoors is a great place to do that. Exploring in the city is not very fun because everything is the same and it is also manmade. Nature holds a special place in my heart because I find it so captivating. My father also felt this way, so this is maybe why I am the same. He would take me out into the wild for days at a time and we would have to rely on our survival skills to survive. With very little access to food and water, not to mention a place to sleep, I learned very early on in life how to fend for myself. I think this is the reason why I am an independent person today. I am grateful to my father that he gave me these experiences because they have helped to contribute towards the person who I am today. I don’t know what I would have done without my father. 3. Outdoor leadership is important to me personally because the outdoors has played an important part in my life and I also like the challenges that leadership brings. This is the perfe ct subject for me because it brings my strengths and desires together. While I already know a great deal about the outdoors, I am willing to learn how to become a better leader because it will improve every aspect of my life. Taking on a leadership role can be quite challenging because it takes a lot of responsibility, but I already consider myself to be a responsible person, so I feel that my personality is well-suited towards becoming a leader of some sort. I have not yet decided upon the right profession for me, but I am definitely sure that the outdoors will be involved some how. Also, even if I am not a leader in the future, the skills that I gain in this course will help me to become a better person, both personally and professionally. 4. The earliest leadership experience that I had would have to be when I was made my class president back in my freshman year of high school. I was very inexperienced as a leader at that time, but many people in my class believed that I had the attributes to make a good leader. One thing that I enjoyed from this experience was that I was suddenly the most important person in my class. Everyone looked up to me and my social standing rose considerably. For the first time in my life, I actually enjoyed going to school because I felt like I had a purpose for being there. The one thing that I disliked about this experience was that I suddenly had a whole heap of responsibility placed upon my shoulders. Looking back now, I was probably not fully prepared for this

'How effective is the legal and regulatory environment for Small and Essay

'How effective is the legal and regulatory environment for Small and Medium Sized Businesses in Saudi Arabia and what needs to be done to improve the environment for their growth' - Essay Example This paper suggests that much headway has been made in Saudi Arabia in terms of providing regulatory systems which aid the funding of SMEs which is highlighted as the greatest challenge these firms face. It is argued that other areas such as regulatory burden and legislating against corruption can be focused on and improved in order to enhance the developmental environment for SMEs. Small and medium sized enterprises (smes) are extremely important for any economy, often being the source of innovation as well as providing a high percentage of employment both directly and indirectly. As firms they are defined as small if they have between 10 and 50 employees and have total assets and total annual sales of $100,000 to $3,000,000. By contrast medium sized enterprises are those with 50- 300 employees and have total assets and total annual sales of between $3,000,000 and $15,000,000.1 In developed economies SMEs account for over 90% of employment and therefore represent a vital part of the economy which much be appropriately supported both in terms of their inception and ongoing growth and development. The benefits of supporting this sector are numerous and include creating a flexible economy, enhancing competition and being a major driver in poverty reduction. This paper looks at the policies and legislation that support the growth of such firms and asks whether the legislation being developed in Saudi Arabia is appropriate and will be effective in developing this crucial area for an economy that has for many years relied heavily on large firms linked to one industry, oil. To develop an environment conducive to the support of SME development a number of areas have to be targeted including finance availability, property rights, and stability and accessibility of the legal framework to small firms with limited resources. This paper will examine the relevance of these areas after providing an

Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Business Report - Essay Example Your mandate is to lead the hospital to achieve level 7 of the HIMSS EMR Adoption Model by 2025. As a Health Informatics Professional, you took the job for this reason as you have always wanted to work in a fully electronic environment. You are certainly driven to achieve it. Using the below points, outline how you intend on achieving this. Outline what you would do in your analysis and planning when you first start; Articulate your strategy and timeframes to reach ‘fully digital’ status; What technical factors would you need to consider when building your Electronic Health Record and why are these important? HINT: standards, terminologies? What systems would you use to support your strategy? What types of resources would you employ? How would you govern and manage the project? What risks do you see? How does your strategy align with that of Queensland and that of Australia? Format 4,000 words in length in. Use a business report format with each topic presented as a sect ion in your report. You need include only one reference list for the entire report. Proper and consistent academic referencing convention both within the text of the assignment and a compiled list of references at the end of the paper must be provided. References Style: APA Abbreviations & Acronyms Abbreviation/ Acronym Expansion Explanation EMR Electronic Medical Record Contains current and historical patient information eMAR Electronic Medication Administration Record CDS Clinical Decision Support Provides reminders and best-practice guidance for treatment CDR Central Data Repository Repository of information. Includes computerised physician order entry (COPE) COPE Computerised physician order entry (HIE) Health Information Exchange HIT Health information technology Used interchangeably with EMR systems HIMSS Healthcare information management systems society EMRAM Electronic Medical Record Adoption Model HITECH Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health OACIS O pen Architecture Clinical Information System Roadmap to achieving a HIMSS level 7 EMR for the Metro Hospital by 2025 Section 1: Background This report delineates a road map to achieving a HIMSS level 7 EMR for Metro Hospital, Brisbane by 2005. Healthcare information management systems society (HIMSS) level 7 identifies the ultimate level of electronic medical record capabilities â€Å"full digital status† depicting a paperless electronic medical record (EMR) environment (himssanalytics.org, 2011). The process of achieving the Stage 7 being long, which have to pass through eight stages, and a higher stage can be awarded only after a lower stage is achieved successfully; even if the Stage 7 is achieved by 2025 would provide a significant edge to Metro Hospital. The accomplishment would indicate that Metro Hospital is providing high quality patient care with interoperable electronic medical record in place (HIMSS Analytics, 2011). This status will offer the Metro Hospital the re cognition that the hospital has been working in a collaborative work environment wherein the entire organisation has invested its effort towards achieving a more integrated, safer and more efficient way of delivering care to its patients, using information technology (HIMSS Analytics, 2011). The report will demonstrate analysis and planning for achieving full digital status, by clearly articulating the strategies to be adopted and

Balance sheet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Balance sheet - Essay Example Balance sheets are generally prepared by a company at the end of its financial year. The balance sheets are presented in either horizontal or in vertical form. All the items present in the balance sheet of a company are discussed in details in this study. The dual aspect of balance sheet and the application of balance sheet have also been mentioned in this study. The users of balance sheets include the company managers to help them in analysing the financial conditions of the company, the investors and shareholders to help them in their decision making process regarding investment in the organisation and all other stakeholders of the company. With the increasing trend of globalisation most of the companies are trying to explore business opportunities in different parts of the world. As a result of this they need to comply with the regulatory requirements of different nations of the world. However with the advent of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and International Accounting Standards (IAS), the accounting practices followed in different nations are converging to make the financial statements including balance sheets more comparable in nature. A comparison between the balance sheet formats followed by companies in US and UK has been discussed in this study. 2. Balance Sheet Items All the items of a balance sheet fall under two broad headings, namely â€Å"Assets† and â€Å"Liabilities†. The items falling under the categories of assets and liabilities have been discussed below: 2.1 Assets Assets which are possessed by a business concern are categorised into two types, namely, current assets and fixed assets. Fixed assets are considered to be the long term assets of the company and current assets are considered to be the short term assets of the company. All these assets of the company are valued and represented in the balance sheet of the company at its book value or historical costs of those assets that is the costs of the asset s when it was first bought by the company. This is known as the historic cost convention (Horner, 2012, p. 42). However, as an exception to this convention or rule, some of the assets like the buildings possessed by the company are re-valued at its market price and then represented in its balance sheet. Sometimes, assets like goodwill generated internally by the company, including the values o different kinds of brands acquired by the company over a period of time are not included in its balance sheet. It is so because of the difficulty in accurately measuring the value of these kinds of assets. Let us now discuss in details about the assets of a company. 2.1.1 Fixed Assets Long term assets or fixed assets possessed by a company are sometimes referred to as non-current assets of the company. Fixed assets generally comprises of those assets of the company which are utilized by it for conducting its various business activities and are there with the company for a long period of time. They are not meant for resale by the organisation. The fixed assets of the company help it to generate sales or revenues through its business processes over a long period of time. Generally the fixed assets are required to be depreciated along its lifetime (Stittle, & Wearing, 2008, p. 60). Fixed assets of an organisation can further be grouped together into three different categories. They are: a) Tangible

Business plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business plan - Research Paper Example Additionally, Qatar is all set to host the 2022 FIFA World Cup, which has generated tremendous publicity and interest about the country among tourists and soccer fans all over the world. The government of Qatar has currently aimed at boosting luxury tourism in the country. It has entered into an arrangement of joint visa with Oman whereby tourists visiting the country of Oman may also tour Qatar with no additional requirements. It also wants to be at the frontier of a very recent trend in luxury tourism in the Middle East – cruise tourism. ... The company Company overview Burj Qatar Cruises is a proposed business venture by four directors that would provide luxury cruising activities in the Gulf region, around the Arab countries of Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, the UAE, Oman, Yemen and Saudi Arabia. It seeks to attract High Net Worth (HNW) individuals from around the world who seek a de-stressing tour experience soaked in luxury. The target market of Burj Qatar Cruises would be upscale tourists from Europe, Asia and the Americas who have an annual income of $80,000 to $90,000. It would also target the young population, senior citizens who have recently retired and are looking for an adventurous experience, rich businessmen and honeymooners. The goal of Burj Qatar Cruises is to be the first one to bank on the Qatar government’s initiative to offer world-class luxury water cruising activity in the Gulf and become a formidable company that has widespread recognition, high brand value and immense customer satisfaction. Water cruising in the Gulf is currently limited to private cruising activity in small vessels called dhows and chartered luxury yachts that are organized by local tour operators and hotels in Qatar as well as other countries of the Middle East such as Dubai and Oman. Burj Qatar Cruises wishes to gain the first mover’s advantage by introducing full-fledged organized cruising in the Gulf in cruise ships that would give a luxurious experience to international tourists from the Americas, Europe and Asia. Company products and services Burj Qatar Cruises would offer top class luxury cruising services to tourists in Qatar. The first cruise ship that will be operational from 2014 would be

Gun control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Gun control - Research Paper Example The proponents of gun rights argue that the availability of gun in the public spheres allows the people to protect themselves, and this ultimately is a solution to the gun crisis that exist in the affected states. Gun control is indeed not a solution for the violence and killing that are evident in states such as America. The Gun culture is an issue that started back in the 1970s when citizens were given the right to possess a gun as a defense weapon. In the famous westward expansion in the history of America, the citizens were allowed to safeguard their lives from attackers and wild animals in a period that was characterized with war and rivarly. This implies that the initial motive of providing gun rights was to protect the people from criminal acts that were threatening the people. In a period of high crime like the 21stcentury, the purchase of guns has increased as people prepare to counter these crime rates in the public domain. The supporters of the Gun rights argue that this i s the period that people need more personal protection than ever in the history of America (Moorhouse 103-124). Consequently, legalizing the purchase of guns in USA will empower the citizens to be more conscious of crime at their homes. Statistics compiled in 1990 have pointed out to the aggravation of criminal activities in the United States, most of which were perpetrateted by arm owners. Crooker (1) points out that atleast one person dies in America every 18 minutes which amounts to a total of about 30, 000 deathst very year. Of these, less than 50% of people who die are killed while the rest are victims of accidental gun shots and other commit murder using legally owned weapons. The question that emerges from these kind of statistics is whether legal arms or illegal arms result to the increased number of gun deaths in the united states. From the point of critical evaluator, legal arms as well are dangerous in the public sphere and the question of withdrawing gun rights can be ra ised at this point. Withdrawing the public right to own a gun would help to reduce the number of accidental deaths as well as the rate of suicide that has threatened the existence of the citizens in America. On this ground, most supporters of gun control feel that both illegal and legal arms should be withdrawn from the public to ensure that the people are safe from sudden deaths. However withdrawing the gun from the public spheres may not be an ultimate solution to the number of gun deaths that are increasing each day as more rifles find their way into the public sphere. DeConde (172) presents the pros and cons of denying the public the rights to possess legal firearms which has underpinned the death of more citizens every year. Depossessing the public with the right to own firearms will ensure that the rates of suicide would decrease considerably and the consequent drop in the number of people who die from stray bullets. However, the impact that this would have is that illegal arm owners, who are mostly criminals ,would have an advantage over the public, which is likely to trigger higher crime rates in the American society.In essence, this will be leaving the public more vulnerable to criminals which will lead to the death of loyal people and the thrive of criminals. Otherwise, the government would be forced to be more responsible of the security which is practically impossible given the high population

Evolution Of Female Sexual Identitity Essay Example for Free

Evolution Of Female Sexual Identitity Essay Female sexuality and their sexual identity is categorically becoming less â€Å"straight†. Emerging expressions of human sexuality in females once considered â€Å"abnormal† like bisexuality and bi-curious behavior- specifically in Americans under the age of 40, have gone from a shaming `closeted` behavior, to significantly more `normal` and overt. This paper will discuss the evolution of female sexuality from the 1950s to the present as perception and expression of female sexuality underwent significant undermining and rethinking in the past half decade. The paper relied on various sources that documented this â€Å"emergence† to support the above-mentioned thesis. Human Sexuality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Britannica Online defines sexuality as human tendencies and behavior associated with sexual arousal. It is how humans express sexual sensation and intimacy and is largely influenced by biological/physiological circumstances, societal attitudes towards sexual behavior, and one’s leniencies and/or psychological make-up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A person’s anatomy can only set so many boundaries on one’s sexual behavior. Many variations in human sexuality occur through a person’s upbringing and habituation. Cultural differences often instigates enormous variations as a certain sexual behavior may be considered taboo or deviant in one society while others may consider the same behavior to be perfectly acceptable and healthy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sexuality includes under its wide umbrella discussions aside from actual physiology other topics such as those on gender, sexual orientation, personal acceptance of sexuality (how we view our sexuality which may differ from our actual physiology), sexual dysfunctions, sexual activity, social sexual structures (marriage, morality, and legal aspects), sexual misconduct, sex in the media and sex education as well as research on sex and sexuality among others. Throughout history, every aspect of human life has allocated a generous portion to sexuality. There are always laws, in every society and in every era as to how sexual behavior is to be enacted. Sexuality and societies views towards it have changed continually throughout the ages. Human sexuality has many aspects to it; defining who, what when, where, why, and how we are to express sexuality. Human physiology has an enormous effect on our sexuality. Genetics decides how the rest of human life will be played out. A person’s sex will have innumerable consequences during the course of life. Many factors determine the sex of a person. Hormonal changes during pregnancy, the time of conception, even temperatures dictate the sex of an unborn baby. Human physiology, culture, and preference, as well a variety of other factors makes certain forms of sexual expression possible. Society plays an equally immense part on human sexuality. Social norms affect how sexuality can be expressed.   Sexuality is part of human social environment, guided by rules of behavior. Society is, in parts large or small, responsible for the way a person’s self schema, self-esteem, self-efficacy, among others. Gender is a function of a person’s social milieu and it must be noted that cross-cultural differences in behavioral attributes towards sex thus, differing effects on gender. The cultures to which we belong dictate our sexual behavior throughout life. Human sexuality is in a great part a function of the cultural norms of our societies; such as customs regarding marriage, homosexuality, and self-eroticism, among others. Often these norms are dictated by politics and religion, etc. Subcultures are formed when an individual’s sexuality dissents from the conventions of the local culture. Because culture dictates what is proper in bed many sex issues are taboos conceived by society. Feedbacks from the society around us at large exert a great influence on sexual behavior and to some extent even sexual performance. The possibility of an unfulfilled sexual desire because of cultural influences as to what is right and wrong happens as a result of the lack of communication. Also education on sexuality and health plays a part in the proper and healthy expression of sexuality. Changes in how women expressed themselves have gone through a significant change over the years following WWII. Sexuality in females and how they identify themselves sexually is now more open to the fluidity of sexual expressions. Female Sexuality The world shifted from valuing women equally with men to a patriarchal society that gave less and less premium on the female population and their significance in human civilizations. According to Francoeur et. al. in Female Sexuality: Challenging Cultural Repression, human cultures   experienced this change in an Axial period as early as the first millennium. This occurred in three separate geographic locations: in China; India and Persia, in the Eastern Mediterranean (Israel and Greece). â€Å"The transformation consisted of a shift from being a female dominated consciousness to a male-dominated, individualistic consciousness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Society changed from a mythical, collective, ritualistic culture to a more rigid, analytical, and rational one (Pastoetter, 2004). Women and their roles as well as their power and place in civilization gradually changed and eventually, the shift to a male-centered world due mainly to factors such as: the rise of a patriarchal, monotheistic Judaism, Islam and Christianity. Women began to take secondary positions to men until they have come to be considered secondary to males and even lesser individuals; a source of evil and corruption. The Second Axial period is the one we are going through right now. This is according to theologian Ewert Cousins(1981). Centuries old forces are building up and soon according to cousins, we will reach a point where society will have to set up a new equilibrium point. Friendship-pleasure based values are now gradually gaining momentum over heterosexual-coital-procreative values. However, to achieve more gender-equal societies, we must be able to first understand and solve issues of the repression of female sexuality worldwide. It is no secret that various forms of repression exist in societies worldwide in varying degrees as potential and actual damage. In their study, Francoeur et. al. (Female Sexuality: Challenging Cultural Repression), they discuss in Part 1, 12 years worth of sexological research showing that women in a lot of places worldwide are being sexually repressed and they hardly derive pleasure from their relationships. Examples of repression are prohibitions on talking or acknowledging sex, sexual needs and preferences even when talking to a spouse. The second part dealt with restrictions to loveplay such as female genital mutilation. Repression and lack of sexual gratification is a probable reason why many women are now found to be masturbating, cheating on their husbands, or seeking gratification from same sex relationships. Masturbation is a topic that is controversial with men but exponentially more so for women. According to, it was found out in research that over 95% of all men have masturbated and surprisingly an enormous percentage of women at 89% also practiced self-eroticism. The practice of masturbation is a constant source of shame and ridicule even for men despite of the mounting number of studies that disprove the myths surrounding self-stimulation; even the researches that prove that masturbation is indeed a physically as well as psychologically healthy practice isn’t gaining much acceptance (Vause, 2004). In more liberal societies, female masturbation raises the question of why they do it and the reverberant answer is that, they are not getting enough sexual gratification from their sexual partners. Unfortunately, in spite of sexual fulfillment being healthy for partners, sexual double standards, sexual repression, and centuries of bad rep stifle women’s efforts to achieve fulfillment either through their partners or by doing it themselves (Vause, 2004). Another possible repercussion of the repression that women are getting even in this day and age is, especially for married women, to seek an outside â€Å"source† of sexual pleasure; outside meaning extra-marital. Adultery among married, â€Å"Christian women†, was recorded by Michelle Langley, in Womens Infidelity: Living in Limbo: What Women Really Mean When They Say, Im Not Happy,† as cited in â€Å"In Search of Intimacy; Wandering Wives† by Sybil C. Mitchell. The ten-year study shows women are as much prone to cheat on their spouses as their husbands are. In fact she goes further by adding that it may even take a lot more effort for women, who are by their nature just moving into their sexual prime, than men who by the time they 30 are slowly moving off of their sexual peak. It is remarkable to note though, the different treatments that society has given in view of men and women’s infidelities. Even in indiscretions/sin men are less likely to be persecuted (sometimes they are even glorified for it), than women (Mitchell, 2005). What women have to realize is that the affair or string of affairs is indicative of something more deeply seated in her, said Taylor. A woman feels a deficiency within herself. And certainly, there may be issues that both the husband and wife need to deal with together. Said an Christian minister, Elder Anthony Taylor (Mitchell, 2005). Another emerging trend in female sexuality from the 50s to the present is the rise of homosexuals (lesbians), Bisexual, and bi-curious women. Considered part of the wide rubric of human sexual variation, the three above-mentioned categories have recently enjoyed a lot of limelight with all the kissing on national TV and in bars all over the metro. Homosexuality is an increasingly familiar phenomena nowadays and not just with gay men,; the population of women who are exclusively attracted to another woman in all aspects of human personality. Another emerging trend is the Bisexuals. According to the pioneering study by Alfred Kinsey, human sexuality is not black and white, straight or gay; rather, he believes it is a continuum. His findings show that although there is a pronounced polarization of sexuality as either exclusively heterosexual or homo sexual, there is also a significant part that is in-between. Kinsey model was drastically improved upon by Fritz Kline’s Sexual Orientation Grid that had the bisexual option. Although, disputes still rage as to the acceptability of bisexuals in established social groups that include even homosexuals. The debate about what qualifies as bisexual still rages on and though some say that it is only the stepping stone to homosexuality, others argue that it is indeed a distinct possibility that a person may be able to relate to both sexes (Fairyington, 2005). In the paper, The Vagina Dialogues; Bi-curious women are here but not quite queer. Welcome to the new Lesbian Chic, the authors discussed a new breed of women who are straight but are kissing and groping even having sex with other women. They are not bisexuals, nor are they exclusively homosexual. They are called Bi-curious women. According to studies a large number of women involved in these kinds of relationships tend to do it for the viewing pleasure of a man while others contest simply liking the act as the primary reason for their involvement. At any rate, these women occupy an even more controversial status than bisexuals as even the lesbian community is â€Å"getting tired† of girls who want to try kissing another girl (The Vagina Dialogues; Bi-curious women are here but not quite queer. Welcome to the new lesbian chic, 2005). In many clubs like the Axis Club in Phoenix, many â€Å"lesbian† couplings are sighted. In fact, it is so common in bars like this that you almost expect them. Homosexual or girl-to-girl activity is often seen in pornography targeting men (The Vagina Dialogues; Bi-curious women are here but not quite queer. Welcome to the new lesbian chic, 2005). In conclusion, it safe to note that indeed, times are changing and with it so are the views and practices â€Å"behind closed doors† especially as it relates to women. New trends in a sexually dichotomous society such as America are emerging and the rest of the world is taking the hint. Endnotes: â€Å"Call them bi-curious. These women dont come out so much as try it out think Anne Heche, not Ellen DeGeneres. Men are in their past; men may be in their future. But for the moment, theyre hooking up with a woman, and its cool. Dabbling isnt particularly new. Straight women slept with other women long before June Miller taught Anaà ¯s Nin a thing or two. And female college students have long expressed their heightened consciousness by shagging their roommates. (Theres even a term for that: Lesbian Until Graduation, a.k.a. LUG.) But this is different. Ask an Arizona State University student today which of her friends has kissed another girl, and she may well fire back, Which one hasnt? When Pepper Schwartz, a sociologist at the University of Washington, wrote Sex and the Yale Student in 1971, the topic of bi-curious couplings never even came up. That would be impossible today, she notes. A pair of cute blond lesbians, Lauren Levin and Lauren Blitzer, has inked a deal to write a book called Same Sex in the City: So Your Prince Charming Is Really a Cinderella. It hits stores next spring. Its not underground anymore. It would have been unthinkable for the girls of Beverly Hills, 90210 to jump into bed together, but when Marissa and Alex did it last year on The OC, no one even feigned surprise. It was scandalous when Ellen came out; it was just another piece of celebrity gossip when she started hanging with the once-married Portia DiRossi. And so just like that, Jen Sincero found herself landing smack in the middle of the zeitgeist. The Straight Girls Guide made it to number 7 on the Los Angeles Times best-seller list. Sinceros Website started getting 8,500 hits a day. And Sincero began teaching workshops to girls who want to learn more, including one next week at Phoenixs MADE Art Boutique. The workshops almost always sell out. Even Sincero is shocked by that. These are people who not only want to have this taboo sex, but theyre willing to show up in public and admit it! she exalts. The reason for that is simple enough: Sex between two women isnt taboo anymore. Instead, its become so damn trendy that its changing the way we understand feminism, gay rights, and even human sexuality itself. (The Vagina Dialogues; Bi-curious women are here but not quite queer. Welcome to the new lesbian chic, 2005) † â€Å"Why is it so hard for us to wrap our minds around bisexuality? Our cultural struggle to conceptualize bisexuality stems in part from the freighted history of the term. When it first appeared in a dictionary in 1824, bisexual referred to people possessing the characteristics of both sexes, now referred to as intersexuals (or, popularly, as hermaphrodites). In the mid-1860s, Karl Heinrich Ulrich postulated that men who have same-sex desires have female souls trapped inside male bodies. Subsequent sex researchers argued that people who desire their own sex have an inverted gender identity. From this sort of logic it was deduced that bisexuals are psychosexual hermaphrodites. Freud upended the conversation on bisexuality beginning in the early 20th century when he used the term in the modern sense and hypothesized that all people are initially bisexual before a fixed, usually hetero-, sexual identity takes hold. Basing his theories upon contemporary ideas, later discredited, as to the biological bisexuality of the fetus, Freud hypothesized that everyone had a primary and innate bisexual disposition with respect to sex-object choice. But instead of arguing that bisexuality might be a normal manifestation of this inherent predisposition, Freud went on to spin an account of normal human development whereby same-sex desires are repressed or sublimated and heterosexual ones allowed to arise, relegating homosexuality and bisexuality to exceptional states that develop as the result of a series of psychological malfunctions.† (Fairyington, 2005) Reference: Fairyington, S. (2005). Bisexuality and the Case against Dualism. The Gay Lesbian Review Worldwide. Mitchell, S. C. (2005, Dec 17-Dec 21, 2005). In Search of Intimacy; Wandering Wives. Tri State Defender. Pastoetter, R. T. F. R. J. N. B. O.-O. J. (2004). FEMALE SEXUALITY TODAY: Challenging Cultural Repression. Cross Currents, 54(3), 55. The Vagina Dialogues; Bi-curious women are here but not quite queer. Welcome to the new lesbian chic. (2005, Sep 15, 2005). The Phoenix New Times. Vause, M. (2004). Doing IT Ourselves; FEMALE MASTURBATION PAST AND PRESENT. Charlottesville: Spring/Summer 2004.

Elements Of Computer Architecture Information Technology Essay

Elements Of Computer Architecture Information Technology Essay A computer is an electronic machine that receives data as an input, manipulates it and provides an output for it in a useful format readable by the user. It is now an important part in the lives of human beings and many scientific advances are due to computers in todays world. Early computers were less in processing speed and memory when compared to modern computers. According to Dumas (2006), computers can be classified into five generations. The first generation of computers came into existence approximately in late 1930s to early 1950s. The second generation of computers came into existence between the mid 1950s to early 1960s. The third generation of computers was developed between mid 1960s to early 1970s. The fourth generation of computers was invented in the mid 1970s to early 1990s. Modern day computers belong to fifth generation of computers. Computer architecture explains about the design and integration of several devices into a single unit. There are three elements in com puter architecture. These elements are input/output devices, internal devices and how computer works. The first element of computer architecture is input/output devices. According to Morley and Parker (2006), an input device means an electronic device used to enter data into the computer. An output device means an electronic device which provides the processed result to the user. In the first generation of computers, input devices were paper punch cards and paper tape and the output was printed on paper. In the second generation of computers, input devices were paper punch cards and magnetic tape whereas the output was printed on punch cards and paper printouts. In the third generation of computers, punched cards were replaced by keyboards as input device and paper printouts were replaced by monitors as output device. In the fourth generation of computers, input devices were keyboard and mouse and the output devices were monitor and printer. The modern computer input devices are keyboard, mouse, microphone, scanner, digital camera, touchpad and fingerprint reader. The output devices are monitor, printer, speaker and data projector. According to Anfinson and Quamme (2008), the mouse and keyboard are the most common input devices in the modern computers. The mouse is used as a human computer interface and keyboard is used for entering the text into the computer and the most important output devices are monitor and projectors. Larry and Long (2004) describes that some of the input and output devices are attractive; for instance, there is an electronic nose which detects odors and this is used in food industries to detect the pungent odor in prepared foods. Special input/output devices are called assistive technology and its used for disabled people. These people can work and live independently, for example, a set of rings, two bracelets, a pair of shoes and a glove work as input/output devices for them. The second element of computer architecture is internal components. According to Morley and Parker (2006), the first generation of computers was huge and enormous, often occupying an entire room. They were powered by constantly replaced vacuum tubes or glass tubes identical to a large cylindrical light bulb. These vacuum tubes required a large amount of electricity to work and generated a lot of heat as a result. In the second generation of computers, heat producing vacuum tubes were replaced with transistors. The transistors are a small device made of semiconductor. The transistors with integrated circuit used in the third generation of computers. In the fourth generation of computers, the advanced technology of microprocessors replaced the integrated circuit. Anfinson and Quamme (2008) described the fifth generation or modern computers internal components are tiny when compared with the first generation of computers. These components are motherboard, central processing unit (CPU), Read only memory (ROM), Random access memory (RAM), power supply unit and storage devices. Firstly, the motherboard is the main printed circuit board; furthermore, an important component on the motherboard is the chipset. Secondly, the central processing unit is the most important element of a computer system and it is considered as the computers brain. The central processing unit is sometimes called as a processor. Most calculations take place in the central processing unit. Thirdly, Read only memory is located on the mother board. Read Only Memory (ROM) chips contain instructions accessed directly by the central processing unit. Then, Random Access Memory (RAM) is the temporary storage unit for data and programs that are being accessed by the central processing unit. RAM is a volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off. According to White (2008), the electricity enters to shielded metal box called power supply unit. It supplies power to the other components in a computer. These units control the main power into the voltage required to run the machine. Finally, Patterson and Hennessy (2005) explained the three primary technologies used in building memory hierarchies. Main memory is implemented from dynamic random memory, the second one is static random access memory and the last one is magnetic disk. The third element of computer architecture is how the computers work. The central processing unit takes an important role in the working process of the computers. According to Morley and Parker (2006), the central processing unit is basically a collection of electronic circuits and components and it may have variety of registers for string intermediary calculation, temporary storage and the final result of processed data. Arithmetic logic unit is the part of the central processing unit and it performs arithmetic operations and logical operations; for example, arithmetic operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and logical operations are comparisons and conditions checking. Larry and Nancy (2004) describe that the computers deal with everything as electronic signals; besides, electronic signals are classified into analog and digital signals. The analog and digital convertor converts analog data into digital data, for example analog signals such as letters, sound, images, colors, shapes are converted into digital data as 0s and 1s. 0s and 1s are known as binary numbers and they are classified as digital signals; furthermore, computer can operate only with the digital signals. ASCII (American standard code for information interchange) is the most popular coding system for computers and data communications. This coding system equates a unique series of 0s and 1s, for example, the English character B is 01000010. According to White (2008), software is an important tool compiled by different set of programs. Programs are defined as set of instructions and it can be a single file or recorded data. Operating system is one of the important software in computer and it is used to run the whole system or computer. It establishes rules by which the computer can then load other programs and work with hardware.

Geostrategic Importance of Indian Ocean

Geostrategic Importance of Indian Ocean The Indian ocean region had become the strategic heartland of the 21st century, dislodging Europe and North East Asia which adorned this position in the 20th centurythe developments in the Indian Ocean region were contributing to the advent of a less Western centric and a more multi-polar world. -Donald L. Berlin, Head of Security Studies, Asia Pacific Centre for Security Studies, Honolulu, Hawaii The Growing Importance of IOR The Indian Ocean has emerged as a critical maritime space in the Asia-Pacific littoral in view of the transformed strategic, security and economic significance of the region. The Indo-Asia-Pacific region is the greatest maritime-littoral space that has the largest concentration of population, resources, developing economies, congested sea lanes, and contested territorial spaces. It is thus significant in a geo-political, geo-economic and geo-strategic sense  [1]  . The Indian Ocean is home to many choke points, such as the Straits of Hormuz, Straits of Malacca, Lombok and the Sunda Straits. Any disruption in traffic flow through these points can have disastrous consequences. The disruption of energy flows in particular is a considerable security concern for littoral states, as a majority of their energy lifelines are sea-based. Since energy is critical in influencing the geo-political strategies of a nation, any turbulence in its supply has serious security consequences. Given the spiraling demand for energy from India, China and Japan, it is inevitable that the sea lines of communication (SLOCs) and choke points of the region have become strategically important for these countries that they are extremely sensitive to their security  [2]  . The Indian Ocean and the states on its littoral are of significant and growing importance. The region contains 1/3 of the worlds population, 25% of its landmass, 40% of the worlds oil and gas reserves. It is the locus of important international sea lines of communication (SLOCs). The region is home to most of the worlds Muslim population as well as India, one of the worlds likely rising powers. The Indian Ocean also is home to the worlds two newest nuclear weapons states, India and Pakistan, as well as Iran, which most observers believe has a robust program to acquire nuclear weapons  [3]  . The Oil Factor The Indian Ocean has seen intense maritime activity for the past 600 years, primarily for trade. While centuries ago, the motivation was for silk and spices, today it is for oil. Persian Gulf contains 65 per cent of the worlds proven reserves and accounts for more than half of the worlds oil exports and almost all of Asia-Pacifics imports. Due to growth in global economy the world wide demand for oil imports from the gulf is expected to grow and this fact is most critical while considering geo strategic significance of Indian Ocean. Despite efforts by nations to diversify sources, disruption of oil supplies is bound to impact severely on national economies leading to inflation and widespread unemployment. The US, Europe, China, Japan, India and most of Southeast Asian nations  are heavily reliant on oil from the Gulf. In his State of the Union address in Feb 2006, President Bush said that the nation was addicted to oil. U.S. gross oil imports from the Persian Gulf were 2.2 million bbl/d during 2006, accounting for 17 percent of the US total net oil imports  [4]  . The importance of energy to India, China and Japan is also extensive. At current levels of consumption, the oil import dependence of India is expected to reach 82.2 percent by 2010 and 91.6 percent by 2020. In the case of China it will be 61 percent and 76.9 percent, while for rest of South Asia it will be 95.1 percent and 96.1 percent respectively  [5]  . Sea Lines of Communications(SLOCs) The economic development of a state is closely linked to its trade and energy supply. Since most of the trade of the Indian Ocean littorals and the South Asian states is seaborne, SLOCs form the lifeline of these countries. According to World Bank estimates, in 1999 the world seaborne trade was pegged at 21,480 billion ton-miles; it is expected to reach 35,000 billion ton-miles in 2010, and 41,800 billion ton-miles in 2014. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Report, Review of Maritime Transport 2000, notes that world sea-based trade recorded its fourteenth consecutive annual increase, and Asias share of imports and exports was 26.1% and 18.8 % respectively  [6]  . To a military analyst, the SLOCs are related to the maritime instruments of power, and maritime geography becomes the pivot on which forces must be deployed. To a politician, on the other hand, SLOCs signify the state of relations with countries located along the sea route traversed, while for an economist it is just the shortest and most economical travel distance between two destinations. Similarly, for some nations multilateral cooperation on SLOC security may mean a perceived intrusion into aspects of sovereignty. Thus the security of sea lanes requires comprehensive strategies encompassing differing perceptions and national interests of concerned states  [7]  . The Indian Ocean is home to important SLOCs and maritime choke points. A large volume of international long haul maritime cargo from the Persian Gulf, Africa and Europe transits through this ocean. Some of the primary items transported are energy products mainly oil and gas. Disruption in energy lifelines can also arise from patterns of trade flows. Imports to South Asia from West Asia utilize the Strait of Hormuz. According to EIA estimates, the Strait recorded a transit volume of 15.4 million barrels of oil per day in 1998. Closure of the Strait of Hormuz practically cuts off Gulf supplies to the East altogether and also affects the West considerably. Similarly, the closure of the Straits of Malacca, through which nearly 9.4 million barrels of oil per day flow (according to the EIA), can seriously threaten the economies of Southeast Asia and the energy intensive economies of China and Japan. Due to the geostrategic importance of Malacca Straits to almost all the South and Southeas t Asian countries, any maritime contingency in this traffic congested region would have profound security ramifications. Since most of the trade of the Indian Ocean littorals and the South Asian states is seaborne, SLOCs are critical to these countries as well as to major energy consuming nations such as US, Europe, China and Japan. Exports from West Asia utilize the Strait of Hormuz. Equally strategically located are the eastern straits, Malacca, Sunda and Lombok-Makasser. One-third of the worlds trade and almost all of East Asias oil amounting nearly to 9.4 million barrels of oil per day pass through these straits. Protection of the sea-routes through the Indian Ocean becomes a strategic priority for many states. America thus has maintained a massive military presence in the region, poised to do whatever necessary to maintain the choke points and the flow of regions essential energy supplies to the rest of the world. The stakes are so high that Pentagon has now drawn up plans to annihilate Irans military capability in three days  [8]  . Strategic Importance of IOR for Extra Regional Forces United States of America. For almost 200 years the British exercised predominant military power in the Indian Ocean by establishing bases at key choke points and along critical sea lines. In the 1960s however British Government decided to drastically cut the British presence east of Suez. During the succeeding years the Indian Ocean became a distinct area attracting international attention due to inter and intra state instabilities in the states bordering the region , prominent being the Iran-Iraq war. In reaction to this instability both the superpowers started deploying naval forces on a regular basis in the Indian Ocean to ensure their energy security  [9]  . The dramatic event of Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, led to US establishing its naval supremacy in the Indian Ocean to react quickly to a situation threatening access to the oil resources in the region. This was the beginning of the so called super power rivalry in the IOR. Successive US administrations have followed u p these developments with a vigorous search for facilities across Indian Ocean and have met with considerable success in getting such facilities in Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait, UAE, Qatar and Saudi Arabia , Kenya and Singapore. Their base in Diego Garcia is however the key element in providing the US capability to act at relatively short notice in the region  [10]  . By the end of 1980 US established a Rapid Deployment Joint Task Force (RDJTF) at Diego Garcia. On 01 Jan 83 RDJTF was converted into full fledged strategic command and was named the Central Command (CENTCOM). Hundreds of B 52 bomber flights were flown by US from this base during 1990-91 war against Iraq  [11]  . Russia. The initial deployment of Soviet Navy in the Indian Ocean was governed by need for a reciprocal arrangement with littoral states that would assist its attempt to break through Western containment of its long southern flank. Soviets developed their facilities in Ethiopia and South Yemen close to Bab-al- Mandeb  [12]  . In 1979 the Soviets signed an agreement with Vietnam for a 25 year lease of base at Cam Ranh Bay close to Malacca straits. Russian government continued the lease of Cam Ranh Bay primarily for SIGINT activities in South China Sea. At the end of 25 year period, Russia decided to withdraw from Cam Ranh Bay. Its presence in other erstwhile bases is also on the decline. Australia. Vital to Australias economic well being is the security of maritime trade, particularly in the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean. The worlds principal trading blocs, USA, EU, Japan/Korea/China/East Asia, comprise mercantile trading nations dependent on Middle East oil to sustain their economies. Australias economy is tied to these principal trading blocs  [13]  . Besides straddling vital sea-lines for naval and commercial mobility Southeast Asia has always provided Australia the strategic defence-in-depth for its security. Post-Cold War, Australia rushed to forge new security bonds in the sub region to augment its existing Five-Power Defence Agreement (FPDA) with Malaysia and Singapore. This caused apprehensions, but its proactive stance and especially its leadership role during the 1999 East-Timor crises  demonstrated a commitment to the sub-region. However, the perception of Australias pro-West character since the beginning of the 20th century has led to Islamic fun damentalists targeting its interests. Its interests thus converge with that of other concerned powers to combat non-state maritime threats in Southeast Asia. Japan. Japans proactive role in Southeast Asia is vital for its global status and economic interests, since the sub-region is the source and transit of its energy lifeline. Primarily due to this reason, it is averse to Chinese domination in the South China Sea  [14]  . Despite its potent maritime forces however, Japan has been unable to assist the sub-region to secure the sea-lines against nontraditional threats due to the constraint posed by Article 9 of Japanese Constitution, which does not permit its military to have a collective security arrangement. Japans commitment to Southeast Asia has thus been limited to financial and technological assistance for navigational safety and prevention of pollution. Japan is now actively considering a Constitutional review to break free from the legal handicap, including in terms of collective-security. This would make Japan more militarily assertive and enable it to safeguard its vital security interests in Southeast Asia. Natural Resource Wealth The Indian Ocean is known to contain natural resources, the significance of which has yet to be fully determined  [15]  . Other than the oil in the gulf, the Indian Ocean holds 65 per cent and 31 per cent of worlds strategic raw minerals and gas respectively. Large occurrences of hydrocarbons are being trapped in the offshore deep bedrocks of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Australia. Beach sands rich in heavy minerals and deep sea polymetallic nodules are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. The Bay of Bengal is known to hold an immense wealth of resources in terms of fossil fuels, minerals and fish stocks. The discoveries of huge gas reserves in the Krishna-Godavari basin has added to the known potential of the area. The AN island chain itself is known to bear substantial hydrocarbon reserves. It is only a matter of time that offshore platforms, similar to those at the Bombay High, would sprout in these waters. Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from   Russia,  Japan,  South Korea, and  Taiwan  also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for  shrimp  and  tuna. The endangered marine species include the  dugong,  seals,  turtles, and  whales  [16]  .

Essay --

221B Baker Street, is where a well-known detective resides. Sherlock Holmes, born in 1854, started his career as a private eye after college when a colleague’s father inspired him to do so. He worked alone for a number of years employing agents and using informants. Later on, he accepted a roommate Dr. Watson. Eventually, they become good friends and crime solving partners. Sherlock Holmes was not only an influential and respected detective, as well as, a good friend, but also a well-read fictional character in British literature. When his good friend Dr. Watson described him, it included adjectives such as, â€Å"Bohemian, accurate, curious, and has as calculating nature.† Holmes was always thought to have a curious ability for analytical reasoning which helped him to succeed when unraveling crimes. He was also known to have the ability to â€Å"lie to police, conceal evidence, or break into houses when he felt morally justifiable.† Sherlock Holmes worked hand in hand with Scotland Yard in London, England. He was considered a respected and talented investigator. Holmes recognizably, had a unique talent for deduction. He was well known to have an unusual gift for investigative talent. Sherlock Holmes was a non-typical avant-garde detective who thought out of the box when solving crimes. He was able to draw inferences, based on very careful observations. Holmes was known to say â€Å"when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains however improbable, must be the truth.† Additionally, Sherlock could play the violin well and considered himself a loner. He was also an expert Single Stick player, boxer and swordsman. Ideally, Sherlock had a practical knowledge of British law. Well known to any observer, was the relationship ... ...ed movie character; 75 actors have played the part in more than 200 films.† There always seems to be a new interpretation of the genius defining Sherlock Holmes. Every actor bring an individual style to Sherlock’s character and personality. The iconic image of Sherlock Holmes as a suave English gentleman wearing a Deerstalker cap and a cape was portrayed in most of the feature films. He was created in the 19th century and was the prime figure in four novels and more than 50 short stories. For this reason of the continued popularity, the novels, comic books, television shows, theater movies and the newest T.V productions, Sherlock and his broad shoulders will continue to credit the writings of Arthur Conan Doyle. Holmes has recently shifted from a Victorian image to a 21st century super hero. The star role continues to be inspiring and irresistible. Fan clubs

romeo and juliet vs. west side story :: essays research papers

Romeo and Juliet’s balcony scene vs. Westside Story’s rooftop scene   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The romantic tension between Romeo and Juliet and Tony and Maria in Shakespears original play and its modern day remake, Westside Story, is what makes them have such passionate and entrancing scenes. The main reason for romantic tension in these two plays is because the two couples can’t be together like they want to be. There are many different aspects that create different quality of romantic tension in these two scenes. Although the two plays have similar plots, the romantic tension between the two lovers is very different because of the setting, the language and the circumstances in which the lovers face.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Romeo and Juliet the setting takes place on Juliet’s balcony after she has just come home from the Capulet ball and has met fair Romeo. She is speaking aloud to herself when Romeo hears her and interrupts. This scene contains so much tension because Romeo has snuck into her garden and if he were to be caught, he would be killed. In Westside Story, however, the fear is of Bernardo coming home and seeing them together creates a different kind of tension.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The language used in these two scenes is quite different. In Romeo and Juliet the majority of the scene is of the two lovers confessing their undying love for each other using beautiful language and many metaphors. They also discuss marriage and serious commitments to each other. In Westside Story, this scene is spent singing to each other, which I find, makes it more romantic but has less tension. They also don’t seem as serious about commitment towards each other.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The circumstances that Romeo and Juliet and Tony and Maria are in differ in many ways. For example, Romeo and Juliet come from rival families that would not allow them to be together. Tony and Maria, on the other hand, come from families of different backgrounds, which isn’t nearly as bad. Tony and Maria’s parents have no say in whether or not they are together, it is just their friends and gangs that are against it.

Law Codes

Chad Goering Essay #1 â€Å"Hittite Law Code† and the â€Å"Code of the Assyrians† In this paper, I’ll compare both law codes of the Hittites and Assyrians by comparing the two aspects dealing with sexual conduct and relations. Also, I’ll examine their differences and similarities and consider why regulating sexuality was so important to both the Hittites and Assyrians. When examining the Hittite and Assyrian law codes, I thought there was a big difference. The first thing I noticed was that the Hittite laws were stricter and focused more on men, where the Assyrians laws were more punishable to women.A majority of the laws written by the Hittites only involved punishment towards men. Yes Assyrians also had punishments but not as largely targeted towards men as the Hittites. For example there is a Hittite law saying â€Å"If a man have intercourse with a cow, it is a capital crime, he shall die. They shall lead him to the king's hall. But the king may kill him; the king may grant him his life. But he shall not approach the king. † As said in the â€Å"Hittite Law Code: excerpts from The Code of the Nesilim. There is nothing in the Assyrian code mentioning anything about a man committing bestiality. The Assyrians are opposite compared to the Hittites; their laws are mainly targeted at women rather than men. According to â€Å"Excerpts from the Code of the Assyrians,† there is a law stating, â€Å"If a man have relations with the wife of a man at her wish, there is no penalty for that man. The man shall lay upon the woman, his wife, the penalty he wishes. † From my understanding, they do not focus on what the man did but rather just what the woman has done.The women alone will take punishment for the act. Examining the two laws makes me believe the difference between the two groups is the harshness towards men or women. However, the Hittites and Assyrians do have similarities. There are two laws that are closely co mparable regarding a man raping a woman. The Hittite law states, â€Å"If a man rape a woman in the mountain, it is the man's wrong, he shall die. But if he rape her in the house, it is the woman's fault, the woman shall die. If the husband find them and then kill them, there is no punishing the husband. (Hittite Law Code: excerpts from The Code of the Nesilim).The Assyrians law stated by â€Å"Excerpts from the Code of the Assyrians† based on rape states, â€Å"If the wife of a man be walking on the highway, and a man seize her, say to her â€Å"I will surely have intercourse with you,† if she be not willing and defend herself, and he seize her by force and rape her, whether they catch him upon the wife of a man, or whether at the word of the woman whom he has raped, the elders shall prosecute him, they shall put him to death. There is no punishment for the woman. In my opinion, the punishment for this crime is almost exactly the same for both the Hittites and Assyr ians.Therefore, there are some similarities between the Hittites and the Assyrians law codes. One aspect on punishment I find interesting is how harsh the Hittites and Assyrians punishments were compared to how they are today in the United States. The reason why I think the Hittites and Assyrians were so harsh was because they didn’t have a problem with killing somebody. To them, both groups felt if you committed the crime, you will receive the punishment deserved.I’m not saying that America doesn’t have a good system, but I don’t think the punishments given are nearly as harsh as what they should be. When it comes to relationships, Hittites and Assyrians treat it the same. They both have a male dominated culture. Men can do whatever they want while women have to be loyal to their husband. From reading the laws about sexual conduct, I understand that if you’re a man, you can have sex whenever and wherever if the partner is willing. As stated before , if the man rapes a woman there will be punishment.However, if you’re a woman, you cannot cheat on your husband. Therefore, makes this sexual conduct law one sided towards men. Overall, when comparing the laws between the Hittites and Assyrians, I believe that they are pretty similar. Both of the codes are saying to not cheat on your husband. I find it interesting though that they both focus on the women cheating and not the male. Neither code has a law saying anything about a man cheating on his wife. Yes, they have punishment for men who rape women but nothing more than that. They expect women to be more proper and focus on doing the right thing.Even in today’s society they expect women to be perfect and loyal and not be sluts. Nowadays, men are expected to be the same as women. Allowing men and women to have the same expectations is a good thing because both are treated more closely equal. In today’s society, men and women are still somewhat treated differen t in certain situations, however, both men and women are now treated equally when it comes to punishment which is a good thing. The only problem I have with the punishment in today’s society is it’s not nearly as harsh as it once was.Punishment in general is the most comparable thing between the Hittites and Assyrians law codes. The punishments are very harsh and nothing is tolerated. The only main difference between the two group’s law codes is who the punishment is targeted towards. Now in this paper I have compared both the Hittites Law Code and the Code of the Assyrians. I have examined their differences and similarities and also reasoned why regulating sexual conduct was so important to them both. By doing this, it makes you think of how easy we have it in today’s world and makes you wonder what it would be like to live back then.

Logic in the East and the West

The article written by Nisbett in Chapter 7 of the book (please indicate the title of the whole book here) presents a clear idea of how logic exists differently in the East and the West. The discussion of the author presented various studies and various terms that have been used to support and weave together the different ideas. The author’s terms are worth defining for these will clarify some portions of the study. First, there are French words included in the title and one should translate this into English terms to get a better picture of the article. Ce n’est pas logique translated to English would be â€Å"it is not logical.† Weaving it back to the title, it would then be â€Å"’It is not logical’ or ‘You’ve got a point there’?† It is quite unsaid as to why the author used the language of French for the title. Second, the Latin phrase modus ponens also deserves some attention. In English, the term modes ponens is the method of affirming (â€Å"modus ponens and modus tollens†). Third, the word atypical would also be encountered and this is defined as â€Å"not conforming to the usual type or expected pattern† (â€Å"atypical†). It means the opposite of the typical argument. Going back to the topic of logic in the east and the west, the author posed several studies conducted before to support the current hypothesis that there is a difference in the existence of logic in the two regions. A study that was cited by the author was that of Ara Norenzayan, Edward E. Smith, Beom Jun Kim, and Nisbett, the author himself, showed that the insignificant interest for the study of logic in the East may be attributed to the â€Å"distrust of decontextualization†¦as well as a distaste for making inferences on the basis of underlying abstract propositions alone† (Nisbett 168). This was not proven by only one study made by the same authors but actually two studies they did. To further support the results of the study, the authors administered survey methods to respondents who are Korean, European American, and Asian American.   In addition to this, Ara Norenzayan and Beom Jun Kim made a presumption â€Å"that East Asians would be less likely to have their beliefs moved in an unpleasant direction by pondering information that implied some desired outcomes† (Nisbett 172). To do this, they administered questionnaires to Korean and American respondents containing propositions. The result was that the Americans continued towards the negative ones and the Koreans avoided this (Nisbett 173). The author used propositions and discussed it according to the logic that may be applied to it. For example, the deductive arguments â€Å"All birds have ulnar arteries, therefore all eagles have ulnar arteries† and â€Å"All birds have ulnar arteries, therefore all penguins have ulnar arteries† which the author used to show the persuasiveness of typical and atypical arguments for the different respondents (Nisbett 168-9). It was stated by the author that there is a difference on how convinced the Koreans are to typical arguments than atypical arguments compared to the European American and Asian American. The atypical argument for the previous deductive argument is the latter for penguins are not typically seen as birds. Works Cited â€Å"atypical.† Encarta Dictionaries. DVD. Redmond, WA: Microsoft, 2006. â€Å"modus ponens and modus tollens.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica Online. 23 Mar. 2008   . Nisbett, Richard. The Geography of Thought: How Asians and Westerners Think Differently†¦and Why. New York: The Free Press, 2003.

Is an invitation to treat an offer? Discuss? Essay

Answer: Section 2(a), Contracts Act 1950 provides that ‘when one person signifies to another his willingness to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other to the act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal’. Case: M N Guha Majumder v R E Donough [1974] 2 MLJ 114 Facts: Property owned by the defendant was advertised for sale, and written offers to purchase were invited. The plaintiff viewed the property on two occasions. During the interval between the two occasions the plaintiff was in communication with the defendant’s agent, and it was alleged that the defendant had accepted the plaintiff’s offer to purchase the property for RM70,000. There had been on the occasion of the second visit to the property some discussion on the mode of payment. There was also no clear agreement on the sale of orchid plants which the defendant wished to sell separately, although the matter was discussed between the parties. The defendant denied that he had decided to go on with the sale. The defendant was anxious, however, to effect a quick sale as he was desirous of leaving Kuching permanently for Johor bharu. Issue: Whether there was a contract inexistence between the plaintiff and the defendant at the material time. Held: 1. The law does not impute an intention to enter   into such a legal relationship as that of vendor and purchaser where the circumstances and the conduct of the parties negative any intention of the kind. 2. The evidence indicated that the parties did not intend to be immediately bound. They had not the necessary animus contrahendi (means intention to contract). What passed was only a negotiation from beginning to end. Whether an advertisement is an offer or an invitation to treat depends on the intention of the parties in each case. The courts have held that  advertisements of bilateral contracts are not offers whereas advertisements of unilateral contracts are construed to be offers. In the case of Majumder v Attorney-General of Sarawak, the Federal Court held that an advertisement in the newspaper for the post of a doctor was an invitation to treat. When an auctioneer invites bids, he is merely making an ‘invitation to treat’, and when a bidder makes a bid, he is making an offer. The contract, i.e. the sale, is only made when the auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the hammer. Similarly, a display of goods in a shop is an invitation to treat. An offer to buy is made when the customer puts the articles in a basket provided by the shop or takes the item off the shelf. The contract is only made at the cashier’s desk when the customer pays for the items. However, if it is clear in the circumstances that a party intends their words or conduct to constitute an offer, then the courts will be prepare to construe it as such. For example, in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256, the advertisement of a unilateral contract was held to be an offer. Case: Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. Ltd [1893] 1 QB 256 Facts: Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. Ltd. Advertised that they would offer  £1,000 to anyone who still succumbed to influenza after using a certain remedy for a fixed period. The plaintiff duly used it but, nevertheless, contracted influenza. The plaintiff then sued for the money. Held: The plaintiff was entitled to the  £1,000 as she had accepted the offer made to the world at large. To summarize, an invitation to treat is not an offer, but rather is an offer to consider offers. Instances which are generally regarded as invitations to treat include: -Auctions; -Advertisement of tenders; -Catalogues; -Price lists; and -Goods displayed in shop windows and shelves.

Geographical Information System In Meteorology Environmental Sciences Essay

Despite a batch of attempts by scientists in specifying what geographical information system ( GIS ) is, definitions still vary and sometimes can add to confusion. Many definitions can be referred to in this essay but we will restrict ourselves to two definitions. The first 1 is by Longly et Al, A ( 2004 ) who define GIS by mentioning to it as the survey â€Å" of the cardinal issues originating from the creative activity, managing, storage and usage of geographic information † ( p.3 ) . The 2nd definition is by Heywood ( 2006 ) who defines GIS as a â€Å" system for capturing, hive awaying, look intoing, incorporating, pull stringsing, analysing and exposing informations which are spatially referenced to the Earth † ( p.9 ) . In his of import book, Mirror Worlds, Gelernter ( 1992 ) argues that â€Å" we are populating in a universe where the existent and the digital universes are meeting † and that â€Å" you will look into a computing machine screen and see world. Some portion of your world- the town you live in, the company you work for, your school system, the metropolis hospital- will hang at that place in a crisp coloring material image, abstract but recognizable, traveling subtly in a 1000 topographic points † ( p.1 ) . The rise of smart systems is seting more information at our fingertips. Our nomadic phones, loaded with a assortment of applications, can draw all of this information together to state us where precisely we are and how far we are from a nice cup of java. We can book a vacation and acquire day-to-day updates of the conditions conditions at our finish. Of class, there are wider and arguably more of import utilizations of smart systems beyond these strictly superficial app lications. The usage of geographical information systems ( GIS ) has been at the really head of Gelernter ‘s ( 1992 ) vision of the ‘mirror universe ‘ . As a affair of fact the usage of such systems stems from the inflow of computing machines into America during the sixtiess. Harmonizing to Chapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) these early systems were used to, â€Å" supply a simplified position of the existent universe by exposing digital particular information as dynamic electronic maps † ( p. 314 ) . They go on to reason that GIS has now, â€Å" evolved into a powerful direction tool used for capturing, patterning, analyzing and exposing spacial informations † ( p. 314 ) . Here we see a clear illustration of the digital and the existent universes clashing with potentially illimitable third applications for the information gathered. This essay we will see the usage of GIS specifically in the field of weather forecasting. In this regard the first subdivision will supply a brief debut to some of the issues here and besides show a conceptual model that will function to steer the subsequent research. The 2nd subdivision will see the existent application of GIS in weather forecasting, pulling on specific illustrations of its usage. How is the information collected and how is it used? What are some of the possible chances and challenges that it presents? These are merely some of the inquiries that this subdivision will trust to reply. The concluding subdivision will be a decision that will try to pull the statements together.Section 1: Gilbert and MeteorologyPlanet Earth is experiencingA of all time altering climatic events which are doing, about every twenty-four hours, the headlines of the intelligence requiring, therefore, more surveies and research. Although the survey of conditions and clime is indispensable beca use exposing climatic informations and information is of a affair of involvement for the populace for different grounds, it is even more of import for meteorologists as it constitute a really important beginning of information for their field. Tveito et Al ( 2008 ) argue that the public demand for information on assorted climatological, meteoric, hydrological and environmental issues requires, â€Å" multifacet, cross-discipline informations or cognition so that quantitative methodological analysiss and tools are necessary to pull out, analyse, form and measure the needed information † ( p. 6 ) . They go on to reason that in this context, GIS has emerged as a powerful tool due to the fact that it makes it possible to, â€Å" combine all necessary processs for visual image, integrating, flexible combination and storage of information for different informations sets † ( p. 6 ) . Thorne ( 2005 ) observes that over the past decennary, the usage of GIS has experienced an rush in involvement due to the falling monetary values of consumer GIS merchandises, faster calculating treating power and the rise of the cyberspace. This has resulted in, â€Å" a set of fast real-time bespoke solutions and visual images for ma ny national meteoric services and terminal users † ( p. I ) . However, Van der Wel ( 2008 ) argues, the usage of GIS in weather forecasting is being held back for a figure of grounds. He observes that, â€Å" the credence of commercial GIS tools beyond climatology is still a cumbrous procedure, partially caused by the defects underlying the information theoretical account and partially by the deficiency of cognition of applicable GIS methods † ( p. 11 ) . Another possible account is put frontward by Petrosyan ( 2001 ) , who posits that meteorologists are, â€Å" more concerned with the inquiry why phenomena happen and less with the part where they go on † ( p. 26 ) . This begs the inquiry of merely how GIS is being utilised in this field. Chapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) argue that the usage of GIS in weather forecasting allows for spacial variables to be compared with other variables, ensuing in datasets that can potentially profit a whole host of different maps. They observe that, â€Å" climatological and meteoric phenomena are of course spatially variable and therefore GIS represent a utile solution to the direction of huge spacial clime datasets for a broad figure of applications † ( p. 314 ) . Thornes ( 2005 ) subsequently expands on this, by saying that, â€Å" GIS methods allow the elaborate analysis of spacial forms of assorted atmospheric parametric quantities, supplying an in deepness expression into the regularities and variableness of conditions and clime over clip and infinite † ( p. I ) . Chapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) argue that GIS serves a double intent in weather forecasting. These are the derivation of informations and the subsequent customization of informations in third applications. Figu re 1 shows their conceptual theoretical account of this double function.Figure 1: Conceptual Model of the Dual Role of GIS in Meteorology( beginning: Chapman and Thornes, 2003: 314 ) The balance of this essay will utilize this conceptual theoretical account as a model for the argument into the utilizations of GIS in weather forecasting. This essay will concentrate chiefly on the customization portion of the theoretical account, as it is here that we see the existent application of the informations to existent life state of affairss.Section 2: Uses of GIS in MeteorologyChapman and Thornes ‘ ( 2003 ) theoretical account shows that the first function of GIS in weather forecasting is derivation. This chiefly concerns itself with how the information is collected. Although this essay trades chiefly on the 2nd conceptual function of GIS, it is deserving sing the first briefly.2.1: Derivation of Spatial Climate DataChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) observe that there are three chief signifiers of the derivation of spacial clime informations. These are: distant detection ; baseline climatologies ; and climate insertion. Therefore, it would be deserving sing these three s ubjects individually.2.1.1: Distant FeelingChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) province that GIS and remote feeling are really similar subjects. In world, they are so similar that it is difficult to separate or find where one ends and where the other Begins. However, the chief differentiation is that distant detection, â€Å" enables the acquisition of large-scale comprehensive datasets where as GIS provides a agency to expose and analyze the information † ( p.315 ) .2.1.2: Baseline ClimatologiesChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) observe that clime informations is frequently displayed in a GIS in a assortment of different ways. They argue that because clime informations is normally a point beginning, one of the chief challenges in weather forecasting is how to project this information across a wider spacial sphere. They province that the extrapolation of clime informations, â€Å" has enabled good estimations of an country ‘s baseline climatology without the demand for extended aud ience of conditions records † ( p. 316 ) .2.1.3: Climate InterpolationChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) argue that, â€Å" when covering with more spatially comprehensive clime datasets, the issue is non the illation of'first estimate ‘ baseline climatology, but alternatively the insertion of point station informations across the landscape by geostatistical techniques † ( p. 317 ) . The above has outlined the methods by which spacial clime datasets are gathered. These datasets can so be compared in a GIS, along with informations gathered from other beginnings. The ensuing informations can be tailored to run into the demands of a assortment of third applications. The undermentioned subdivision of this essay will see some of these applicationsl.2.2: Application of Spatial Climate DataOnce information has been collected, it is of import that it can be put to good usage in a assortment of ways. As already stated, the possible application of informations collected by GIS is illimitable but this essay will see some of the major applications.2.2.1: AgribusinessAgribusiness is possibly the biggest donee of the usage of GIS in weather forecasting. The usage of such systems allows for husbandmans to break predict and understand the conditions and how this could impact on their harvest outputs. There are infinite illustrations of this in operation and this essay shall now show a few. Madeline and Beltrando ( 2005 ) analyze how spacial interpolation-based function of spring hoars has helped Champagne manufacturers in northern France. The vineries in this part are highly sensitive to extreme frost events that sometimes occur in spring. In 2003, 50 % of the Champagne vineries were destroyed by a terrible hoar. The merchandise of these vineries is highly of import to the economic well-being of this part of France and so it of import to hold in topographic point a dependable prediction system that can foretell minimal temperatures. Madeline and Beltrando ( 2005 ) usage GIS to set up relationships between the minimal temperatures in certain vineries and the assorted other geographic and topological factors that cause fluctuation in temperature. They province that the usage of GIS allowed them to, â€Å" construct a map of the norm estimated minimal temperatures across the whole vinery country which can be used by vino agriculturists to place frost sensitive countries † ( p. 54 ) . This should decrease the opportunity of future hoar harm to this economically of import harvest. Another survey conducted by Menkir et Al ( 2000 ) used GIS spacial climatic informations of 114 sites in sub-Saharan Africa to see distinguishable zone where corn would turn best. They found that corn would react best in forest-transition savannas, Northern Guinea savannas, Sudan savannas and mid height parts. This information is potentially really utile for nutrient policy contrivers.2.2.2: EcologyChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) observe that, â€Å" in much the same manner as possible harvest distribution can be modelled utilizing GIS based agroclimatic theoretical accounts, ecological diverseness can be modelled with regard to spacial clime datasets † ( p. 320 ) . There are several noteworthy illustrations of this. Rodhouse ( 2010 ) uses GIS informations to analyze how the altering ocean environment is impacting on cephalopod populations. Waluda and Rodhouse ( 2005 ) usage GIS informations to research the impact of angling on the population of the Jumbo winging calamari. This e ssay would propose that the usage of GIS in this sphere is likely to increase in approaching old ages as the argument around planetary heating and how it could be impacting on species becomes of all time more pressure.2.2.3: ForestryGIS can function multiple intents in forestry. Like in agribusiness and ecology, it can be used to place different clime zones or to foretell the output of a peculiar country. However, GIS has been put to some advanced usage in this field. For illustration, Hantzschel et Al ( 2005 ) usage GIS to gauge radiation balances, temperature and evapotranspiration degrees in different types of flora. One of their most interesting decisions, sing the subject of this essay, is that changeless betterments in engineering will take to better consequences in the hereafter and increase the importance of GIS in the hereafter. They province that, â€Å" the lasting betterment in declaration and quality of the digital surface informations allows an improved simulation of the existent land surface and the associated feedback between topography, land usage variableness and meteoric measures and will increase the importance of GIS-based theoretical account consequences in the close hereafter † ( p. 41 ) . Pew and Larsen ( 2001 ) used GIS to analyze the spacial and temporal form of wildfires caused by worlds on Vancouver Island. They argue that being able to accurately foretell where and when wildfires are most common is, â€Å" a first measure in cut downing their effects † ( p. 1 ) .2.2.4: Weather ForecastingChapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) argue that GIS has become, â€Å" a cardinal direction constituent in conditions processing systems leting instantaneous plotting, insertion and life of conditions informations across any isobaric degree of the ambiance † ( p. 322 ) . For illustration, Kumar et Al ( 1998 ) show that through the usage of distant detection signatures, GIS can be used to alarm specific locations of the way of a tropical cyclone. This is a potentially life salvaging application of GIS. Chapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) observe that GIS, â€Å" partly automates prediction by easing velocity and throughput of conditions informations in real-time every bit good as supplying support for traditional conditions treating undertakings such as contouring and superposition † ( p. 320 ) .2.2.5: ConveyanceGIS is peculiarly utile for conveyance contrivers as it can be used to help in be aftering for winter route care. Thornes et Al ( 2005 ) used GIS to analyze a stretch of route in Poland to foretell route temperatures at certain times of twelvemonth. Better apprehension of route temperatures can assist transport contrivers know when to stock up on grit and when they should be directing out gritting trucks. The manner Britain land to a arrest in February 2010 should function as a timely reminder that this is still non an exact scientific discipline. Hopefully the betterments in GIS that Hantzschel et Al ( 2005 ) reference in their survey should take to more acurate anticipations in the hereafter.2.2.6: Climate ChangeIt could be argued that all the applications of GIS presented in this essay have some bearing on clime alteration. Chapman and Thorn es ( 2003 ) argue that GIS has become, â€Å" a visual image tool for the end product of clime theoretical accounts such as general circulation theoretical accounts used to foretell the planetary impacts of hypothesise clime alteration scenarios † ( p. 325 ) . It is likely that as engineering improves and smart systems are able to interact with each other in more productive and effectual ways, GIS will go on to play a critical function in supplying information that charts the impacts of planetary heating.Section 3: Concluding RemarksThe debut to this essay quoted the work of Gelernter ( 1992 ) who argued that the existent and the practical universe were traveling of all time closer together. This essay would reason that GIS represents the realisation of this vision in many ways. The usage of GIS in the field of weather forecasting are basically illimitable and will undoubtedly better as calculating treating power grows greater and telecommunications improve. A recent particul ar study in The Economist ( 2010 ) looked at the rise of smart systems. These systems are bring forthing immense sums of informations that we are merely merely understanding what to make with. The study notes that, â€Å" smart systems may be humankind ‘s best hope for covering with its pressing environmental jobs † ( p. 4 ) . Smart systems can be used to do power grids, transit webs and H2O distribution systems more efficient. GIS will play a cardinal function in assisting to use the informations produced by smart systems and guaranting that it is put to the best possible usage. This essay would reason that GIS will go on in the development that Chapman and Thornes ( 2003 ) referred to earlier in this essay. However, it is the belief of this essay that we are merely get downing to see the possible applications and utilizations of GIS in the field of weather forecasting. This essay has merely touched on a few countries where it is being utilized at the minute. As terminal users in the assorted subjects learn to tackle the power of the information that is at their disposal, GIS will go on to play a polar function in how we understand the universe. Thornes ( 2005 ) remarks that, â€Å" the hereafter for the usage of GIS by atmospheric scientists is bright but increased coaction between the GIS and atmospheric communities is limited by information substructures that do n't easy interoperate † ( p. three ) . This essay would reason that it is merely a affair of clip before differences between these information substructures are resolved and the true potenc y of GIS can be unleashed.