The meaning of tolerance Essay Example for Free

The meaning of leeway EssayThe general acceptance of the meaning of tolerance is about universal human rights, to match virtuous way towards opposite people and to respect others rights. Generally, experts declargon that the peoples freedoms and rights end where the other peoples freedoms and rights start because to be extensive requires being respectful others beliefs and not preventing others freedom and their rights. According to this claim, while people sustain their lives, they should think what their decisions and actions potential results because these decisions and actions may be profitable for their life. On the other hand, these decisions and actions may affect other peoples lives negatively and may cause physical and psychological problems. Thus, tolerance entails taking other peoples possible benefits and injuries into consideration. Although some people claim that the meaning of tolerance has changed for the worse, the meaning of tolerance has changed for the be tter and people are much tolerant on racial ,sexual, and religious issues.Some people incorrectly claim that the understanding of tolerance has become worse. However they are wrong in some ways. They say that the family organize has changed for the worse, also the rates of divorce, separation and cohabitation is increasing because of intolerance in a family environ manpowert. Also they add these affect the family bond between parents and children. For instance, Brenda Almond states Often set forth as being post- Christian phase, many Western countries, and Britian in patrticular, present a picture in which marriage as a basic family organise is visibly on the retreat as cohibitation, seperation and divorce expand to fill the void created. The UK provides a model of how life has changed.In Britain in 1979 children under 16 were mostly living with their two married parents. The range then was over 80% but by 1992, just over a decade later, the figure had fallen to under 70%.(p.13 6). However parents seperation, divorcement and cohibitation are not create impact on family bond. Even if the parents get divorce, the family bond does not founder because in these days the families are to a greater extent educated about raising children so that children can spend equal time both mother and father, they are not affected vey much from the lack of carelessness. Even if they are influenced, they overcome this problem easily.In other words, most of time divorced families children are fitter than other children who grown up with married families because if parents always fight, the child is influenced directly. Eventhough, some people say that the meaning of tolerance has shifted for the worse, effects of this change is not kindred what people think. Because of eduction, families facilitate children to overcome the problems which arise from divorcement and seperation and children are not affected so much from this negativity.The maiden area which is about understandi ng of tolerance is race. Racial problems occupy the worlds media less than other problems today because peoples attitudes changed towards these problems. They dont discriminate the other people by different norms. In the past, people classified the other people by their race, if strangers race was not the same with theirs, their behaviour altered in a negative way immediately. They evict or torture the strangers. Thus, some majorities tried to make the minorities their slaves and perpetrate genocide against the minorities. However, today this attitude towards the other races shift, people start to live with other races in peace.In peoples overbold perspective everybody has equal rights by laws. Different races live together they share the same status. For example, before 19th ampere-second in the USA, the glum peoples were living as slaves. They used to work for white people. They did hard work and they could be bought and sold like an object. However after the American Civil Wa r, slaves gained their independence after a period of time they gain voting right. The USA handled danger of division and became united country with both black and white people.Sexuality is the other field that explains why the meaning of tolerance change for the better. Until 10 years ago people thought only men liked women and women liked men. Even if the opposite condition occured, they didnt accept it and also they ignored and punished the homosexual people. However over 10 years later people changed their mentality toward the homesexual people and respect individual rights of homesexuals. Some of countries allow gay marriage such as Holland and Belgium. Some of them give a permission gays to join the army For example, in the UK, the army didnt permit the gay people to participate the army before 2000 but the policymakers passed a new law which allowed the gay people to join the UK army.Some big companies employers strive to protect homosexual employees rights. For instance, am erican valuate law requires collecting more tax from homosexuals than heterosexual people. Due to higher risk of health problem because goverment suppose gays, lesbians and bisexuals increase the possibility of epidemic disease. However Google qualifies this tax as a favouritism against homosexuals. Thus, Google pay more their homosexual employee to struggle with higher tax payment. More and more people help homosexual peole to protect their rights. It can be verbalise that the perception of tolerance has adapted for a good way from the past to at this time by looking these examples.The third important area why the understanding of tolerance for the better is religion. From the past to the present , there are lots of minor and major religions appear. Some of them reach massive scale, some of them didnt protect their existence and disappeared. However, there is a crucial thing that affects the whole humanity , is conflict between religions. Firstly, in the past, a great deal of se nseless war occurred, like the Crusades. Plenty of people suffered from religious problems like the Jews. However, today people live with different people whose religions different from others and they more respectful when compared to the past. They dont interfere each others traditions and lifestyle.For example, Zekeriya Altu, chairman of the Hamburg branch of DITIB states that Germany has about 4 million Muslims, mostly of Turkish origin, in its 82 million population. Long treated as migrant workers due eventually to return to their countries of origin, they are now an established minority that wants equal rights so the State of Hamburg made the Islam governmental religion so that the Muslims bayrams also became legal holidays. Muslims celebrate these bayrams in mostly Christian society and Christians are respectful Muslims traditions. Secondly, in the business and school environment people also respect others religion.Today most of workplace and schools include different sanctuar y. Every soulfulness can pray through their beliefs in their sanctuary. To illustrate, in Turkey Bilkent University has loads of foreign students and teachers.hsan Doramac who was chancellor of Bilkent University, had Doramaczade Ali Sami Paa Mosque built. This mosque also contain church and synagogues .Therefore, these foreign students and teachers can pray in their own sanctuary. Thus it can be commented by concluding that the religious intolerant has altered in some perceptions well.In conclusion, todays conception of tolerance is utterly different from the pasts viewpoint in some features. If it is compared these days and yesterdays family structure, racial, sexual and religious perceptions, it can be say that the definition of tolerance has shifted for a better way through looking examples. Although the percantage of divorce, seperation, and cohibitation is increasig, these changing family structure doesnt make any difference on family ties because families more concious abou t raising children.Underdogs gained more independence by new tolerance perception. After this, they have been accepted as citizens by majority. Hence, it can be express that the definition of tolerance has changed for the better.Works Cited1. Almond, Brenda (2006) The fragmenting family (Oxford, Oxford University Press). 2.Baklinski, Thaddeus M. Google to Pay Homosexual Staff More than Heterosexual Employees.LIFESITENEWS 05 July 2010, n. pag. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. http//www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive/ldn/2010/jul/10070504. 3.HENEGHAN, TOM. Hamburg set to be first German state to officially recognize Islam. THE GLOBE AND MAIL. N.p., 23 2012. Web. 22 Oct. 2012. http//m.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/europe/hamburg-set-to-be-first-german-state-to-officially-recognize-islam/article1763708/?service=mobile. 4.Wikipedia, . American Civil War. Wikipedia. N.p., 20 2012. Web. 22 Oct 2012. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War. 5.Wikipedia, . Lustig-Prean and Beckett v United Kingdom . Wikipedia. N.p., 11 2012. Web. 22 Oct 2012. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustig-Prean_and_Beckett_v_United_Kingdom.

Illegal Immigration Essay Example for Free

Illegal Immigration EssayThere are 11 million undocumented immigrants in the fall in States right away. This number has go up by 3 million in only 10 years. Illegal in-migration has been a problem in the unify States dating bum to the betimes 1980s. In the 1980s and still until today, the join States has seen a massive increase of illegal immigrants entering the fall in States. While most of these immigrants were from Latin America and Mexico, they were likewise from an separate(prenominal) parts of the world. Many illegal immigrants were crossing the unguarded border between the unify States and Mexico. Border security has increased over they years, yet the drum of illegal immigrants coming into the get together States is also increasing. Illegal immigration has become a very controversial issuance of todays society, and lawmakers and legislators have been debating the topic for a while now.Their hasnt been much ameliorate from the federal government however, man y nations have passed their own set of immigration laws. States such as Arizona, Alabama, southwesterly Carolina, Georgia, Utah, and Indiana have developed their own bow immigration laws. These laws are being reviewed by the Supreme Court of the United States and these closes would be heard in the near future. In Arizona, if any police officer pulls over a immigrant who is suspicious of being illegal that person has to present documents of being in the United States legally or faced with being detained and presented in front of an immigration court. Some kind of enforcement like this is also being enforced in the other states. Immigration get hold ofs to be reformed nationally throughout the country, and the government needs to strike heap on illegal immigrants living in the United States because they cost America billions, take Ameri cigarette cheats, and also take away student pecuniary aid for citizens and legal immigrants trying to attend college. Using test from a wide range of sources, I make the statement that illegal immigration laws need to be reformed in the United States, by using statistics and fiscal numbers.Illegal Immigrants cost the Unites States billions of dollars that the government does not have. Their are 11 million illegal immigrants living within the boundaries of the United States, and only 7.2 million of these immigrants loan to the workload of America. Those other 3 million plus the 7.2 million immigrants use welfare and unemployment currency from the government by having children that are born in the United States. Illegal-alien households cost the federal government approximately $26 billion in affectionate services and criminal justice system expenses annually (Albo). By collecting welfare and unemployment plosive consonants from the state and federal governments, illegal immigrants cost the American government significant issue forths of tax- requitaler money.Many immigrants are taking money away from American citize ns who need unemplyoment checks in order to survive and to look for a new job. Arizonas Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act (Arizona SB 1070) does an excellent job of limiting illegal immigrants and also helps in the addition of illegal immigrants because they can be deported if they ever are suspicious in front of law enforcement. This would minify the overall amount of money spent on illegal immigrants because it would lower the total amount of illegal immigrants thus causing a trickle down effect of the amount of money spent on undocumented immigrants.Another way illegal immigration negatively influences the American economy is by the amount of money that the government spends to keep undocumented immigrant children in nurture. Undocumented children also lead to an increase of overcrowded classrooms in certain states. Illegal immigrants account for nearly 3 billion in more tax-payer money for just California to keep these children in school because of the No child left behind act of the scouring Administration. 300,000 to 400,000 illegal alien schoolchildren account for the estimated $3 billion annual service cost provided to the estimated 1.7 million illegal aliens in the State (Joch). More states also had to pay more for undocumented immigrant children. During the 2003-2004 school year, Minnesota estimated that it spent between $79 and $118 million of its $8 billion state budget to educate an estimated 9,400 to 14,000 unauthorized immigrant schoolchildren. in the altogether Mexico spent $67 million of its $3 billion state budget on an estimated 9,200 unauthorized schoolchildren. Colorado claimed that it spent approximately $220 million on social services for unauthorized immigrants but only collected between $159 and $194 million in revenue from that segment of its population. (Joch) Illegal immigrants have accounted for many millions of dollars in other states also, and this is a sign nationally. There needs to be a immigration law reform that makes sure that undocumented children may be allowed to go to school in the United States only if they were born here. If children come along with their parents are are already in school age, I think and the stats prove my summit that undocumented children take tax-payers money away from where they are supposed to go.Illegal undocumented immigrant workers take away American jobs from the American people. Since the early 1980s, when illegal immigration became a major problem for the United States of America, illegal immigrants have been taking millions of jobs from the American people. Today, there are 7 million individuals working in the United States illegally. (Devadoss/Luckstead) Most of these jobs are hard working and low education level jobs neverthe little it takes away nearly seven million jobs away.The unemployment rate in the United States as of today is 7.8% and seven million jobs are a lot of jobs. During the Great Depression, President Roosevelt created fe deral program called the Civilian Conservation Corps (commonly know as the CCC) where young adults would work in preserving forests and helping with farmland. This would decrease the United States unemployment rate while also reducing jobs for illegal immigrants. With less jobs, immigrants would naturally self-deport back to their own countries where they might have a better job in finding jobs to support their families.Another way to make sure jobs are exit to the American people is to adapt the E-Verify program. The E-Verify program is a program where before employers can hire potential employees they have to enter their documents to make sure that the employee can work in the United States. The E-verify program has already been enacted by five states in the United States and many more states are considering the program as a big immigration law reform. Many other states have partially enacted E-verify. More than 404,000 employers, large and small, across the United States use E-V erify to check the employment eligibility of their employees, with virtually 1,200 new businesses signing up each week. (Harvard Law Review) I firmly believe that if a nationwide e-verify program be required to check if employees are legally allowed to work in the United States that many of the potential jobsthat illegal immigrants would take, would now be filled with Americans. More American jobs would cause less dependency on food stamps, welfare, and also less unemployment checks from the US government. Naturally, this would reduce the national and state debts, while also allowing the government to spend more money on schools and education.Speaking of education, their are many illegal immigrants taking state money for higher education purposes. In a Supreme court decision in Martinez v. Regents of the University of California, the supreme court ruled in favor that illegal immigrants are allowed to use in-state tuition to pay for school and may receive state funding. This is not only in California, but this kind of legislation is available in many different states. California gives illegal aliens between $222.6 and $289.3 million dollars in aid to attend college in their state. Texas gives between $80.2 and $104.4 million dollars, Illinois $23.3 and $30.5 million dollars, and New York gives between $28.8 and $37.5 million dollars of aid. (Kasarda) While many college students are suffering today to pay for higher education, the state has to give illegal immigrant college students aid every year.Along with the education budget cuts, this has sparked controversy in many universities throughout the United States. This needs to end. States should not be giving American dollars to illegal immigrants. By reforming the law in each individual state, less aid will be available to someone who lives in the United States illegally, and more aid needs to be given to more students who are deserving based on chastity or poverty. Imagine in California if $270 million dolla rs was given back to the public universities, how many more teachers would be hired and how much more financial aid would be given to deserving students.Many of the supporters to allow the 11 million illegal immigrants to stay in the United States state that they provide a service that not many Americans would do and they help provide to each individual state economies. Other supporters also say that illegal immigrants pay federal, state, and topical anesthetic taxes in their perspective region. about 6 million unauthorized immigrants file individual tax returns each year estimate that between 50 portion to 75 percent of unauthorized immigrants pay federal, state and local anaesthetic taxes. (Albo) However, thats only about 50% of the total illegal immigrant population. Many supporters are adamant in saying that illegal immigrants pay their taxes however, that is simply not the case. Yes, six million immigrants pay, but what about the other 5 million illegal immigrants. Supporter s need to take a shit that while the 6 million contribute a small amount to the government, the other 5 million cost more to maintain. If their werent as many illegal immigrants then the US government would not spend as much money on illegal immigrants. Illegal immigration law reform is greatly needed in the United States.Another argument that many supporters of keeping illegal immigrants in the United States is that they do jobs that Americans just simply wint do. They say the hard labor jobs that illegal immigrants work help provide a spark in local economies throughout the Untied States. The absence seizure of the estimated 1.4 million undocumented immigrants in Texas in fiscal 2005 would have been a loss to our gross state product of $17.7 billion. Undocumented immigrants produced $1.58 billion in state revenues, which exceeded the $ 1.16 billion in state services they received. (Albo) Supporters would show statistics like these that show their services produced more money for the local economy, then taking from the local governments.That illegal immigrants create a surplus for the economy. However, if we look at the same quote, that is just not the case. However, local governments bore the burden of $ 1.44 billion in unpaid health care costs and local law enforcement costs not paid for by the state. (Albo) If we also look at the healthcare costs and increased law enforcement, the cost of maintaining illegal immigrants, in reality, creates deficit for the local economies. Many supporters twist statistics and truths to make their point about maintaining illegal immigrants, but in the real facts, they are proven wrong. Illegal immigration law reforms need to be discussed in recounting and also in individual State Congresss.In all, illegal immigration has been a controversial topic ever since the 1980s. Many legislators and lawmakers have tried to reform the law and Congress has even a developed a bipartisan committee to try to develop a reform bill, but lawmakers havent gotten past preliminary blathers. I believe the only way that Congress is going to reform its immigration laws is that if the American people stand up and petition in every state. Many individuals should talk to their regional representative and try to get talks discussed in the House and also in the Senate. Illegal immigration is a major problem in the United States and they are taking money that simply the United States does not have. Illegal immigration laws need to be reformed as soon as possible.

Positive And Negative Reinforcement Education Essay

Positive And Negative Reinforcement Education EssayIn theory, childrens escorting and ability in literacy, maths and science should be enhanced through high quality thatched roofing. However there is a lot of debate on the best ways to teach children and how children actually learn.It could be argued that teaching children to read is the most fundamental task for teachers. It is the case that once children have learnt to read, they can read to learn. In other words, argument is needed to access any other subject.Gorden Wells (1985) longitudinal project on childrens language development at home and at school points off the role of stories in developing childrens literacy skills and their abstract thought processes. Children most successful in literacy tests age 7 and 11 could be positively identified as having had experience of stories told of read to read to them before beginning school. Wells argues that the process of understanding the association base presented by stories o bliges children to use decontextualised language by creating a world inside their heads.He makes even stronger claims for the importance of stories by arguing that they contri merelye very positively to childrens wider learning. His research evidence supports the view that in ordain to understand a story a child has to pay bursticular attention to symbolic language. This requires high levels of cognitive thought. The child who listens to or reads stories regularly spends more eon using these high levels of thought than the child who does not. In other words, stories make children smarter. (Wells, G. (1985) Language, Learning and Education. Cheltenham NFER-Nelson).Children learn to read when they are affectively engaged, when they want to read, when it matters to them to do so. Simple instruction in alphabetic and phonemic principles give not create readers of either kind. It will create children who can chant and recite alphabetic and phonemic information. We asseverate that th e two kinds of reading experience are both of import but that they must work together and that children will attend to print when they are intrinsically motivated to be involved in literacy activities. (Kress 1997).According to Kress (1997 42) classrooms should have good supplies of picture books with patterned and predict open language as these books will quickly have familiar to children. They also will be the kinds of books that children will want to come back to, will find comfort in and, as developing readers, will shade safe in their company.Through guided reading, the teacher demonstrated that pleasure that can be gained from reading and Kress (1997, p. 44) suggests that this requires teachers to know books hale in order to be open to share their enthusiasm. As Meek says, we only read well what we retrieve well of (Meek 1982 45) andDemonstrating the pleasure to be gained from reading is an important part of shared reading experiences and that requires teachers to know books well in order to be able to share their enthusiasm. As Meek says, we only read well what we think well of (Meek 1982 45) and so a deep immersion into the world of childrens literature is essential for teachers if they are to arouse enthusiasm and model positive reading behaviours in order to teach reading, teachers must plough readers. Modelling and developing positive attitudes to reading is a key focus in teaching reading. Once children become aware of what can be gained in terms of pleasure and purpose, then not only will they become self-motivated to engage in reading but good reading habits will be formed. P. 44Meek, M. (1982) Learning to Read. London the Bodley HeadPeacock et al (2011 p. 2) suggests that a lack of science subject knowledge combined with a lack of confidence in how to teach science may have a severely limiting effect on childrens learning.It is important that teachers plan their lessons thoroughly before teaching so that they can ensure their subject kn owledge on that area is sufficient and so that they can supervise with things such as succession management and choosing appropriate resources.Good planning of time management, subject knowledge and resources were evident in the science lesson that I observed. This was shown by the teacher using specific terminology, such as opaque, translucent and transparent. She also had an activity planned in which the children used certain props allowing them to find the serve themselves through observation.Furthermore, good planning allowed her to manage time as she had planned a clear introduction where the children recapped what they already had learnt, a development section where they were able to independently find out answers through observation and then they come back together for a plenary.Planning the lesson well allowed the different sections of the lesson to flow well and the teacher was able to plan it in a way to address whether the children had learnt what she had intended them to. She did this by observing their knowledge at the beginning of the lesson and then re-evaluating their knowledge during the plenary at the end which required the children to express what they had observed.My observation of a supply teachers lesson in maths supports how planning is a really important promoter in enhancing childrens understanding. This is because her lesson was not as structured as their lessons usually were and this created a great impact on the childrens learning.I felt that she was not as able to move smoothly from one task to another and she often asked the children questions or got them to do tasks they had already done. This meant that they were not building on the knowledge they already knew. Of melodic line recapping is important, however I feel it should be used as an introduction of the lesson or plenary rather than the main part of the lesson as I feel children should investigate or observe independently too.Furthermore, the supply teacher was unable to use different resources and spent all of her time either lecturing the children on the topic (rather than the lesson being student-lead) or with her back to them as she was writing on the whiteboard.The teacher also played a really complicated maths secret plan with the children, which did not seem to catch their attention. She spent a lot of time on the game it was the main part of the lesson, rather than a mental grump which would have been more appropriate. The game also did not really help with what they were learning about, which was co-ordinates.This shows, therefore, how important planning and using appropriate diagrams, tasks and open questions are. Preparing them on resources deal interactive whiteboards or worksheets reduces times spent writing/drawing them on the board or trying to explain them, and means the teacher spends less time with her back to children.I feel this really shows how high quality teaching really affects how the children learn. The same children were acting so differently than they were with their usual teacher. When I walked near the classroom offering help, they were less engaged with the lesson and the work they were meant to be doing which meant they got less done. They were much chattier throughout the lesson than normal and the teacher seemed pretty unaware. When the noise rose, she did not smooth them down or settle them, meaning they continued to push her. In the end, the teaching assistant stepped in and started settling some of the children, which Ive never seen her do in lessons with their normal teacher.I feel the negative change in the childrens behaviour was mostly due to the lack of behavioural management, lack of preparation and not erudite the individual children well.ConclusionBishop et al (1993 1) propose that there are four groups of influences which appear to be of crucial importance for learners of mathematics. They suggest these four groups are the decree in which the mathematics is taking place out-of-school knowledge teaching materials and aids and the teacher themselves.Although childrens understanding in literacy, mathematics and science can be enhanced through high quality teaching and learning, this is not the only factor that can enhance their understanding.

Hardware Requirements For Pizza Systems Information Technology Essay

Hardwargon Requirements For Pizza Systems teaching Technology EssayIntroduction and Problem Statement-We are primarily raise in implementing Information Systems to all the working units of the pizza surf, so that we are able to deliver better work and thus, an enhanced experience to both offline (in-store) and on-line (web-based) customers. Since the pizza shop is interested in expanding their business froma small-size business into a medium-size enterprise by opening up branches in diverse refreshed locations and likewise has an objective to provide better online services (developing their company in e-business aspects) and gain online popularity, we learn aim to arrange analysis and thereby apply several discipline system techniques so that the company succeeds in its motive. compendium of Hardware Requirement for the Pizza Shop-Making decisions virtually the hardware drivements is based on the analysis of various factors much(prenominal) as the projected budget and the speed required. But the extended variety high utility of hardware available often exploits the hardware decisions a little difficult beca single-valued function of the fact that computer technologies become obsolete more quickly than other organizational technologies. Basically, hardware refers to the physical equipment used for the input, processing, output, and retentiveness activities of a computer system. In our case we make use of the following hardware componentsCentral processing unit (CPU) we project decided to make use of Intel marrow squash i7processor 1 or Intel core2 processor 2 in the CPU.Primary storage- A storage capacity of 6GB-8GB in the hard-drive, for better speed in processing and multi-tasking situations.Secondary storage- A storage capacity of up to 1 terabyte for storage of information much(prenominal) as selective informationbases of employees, customers, products used in the shop, etc.Input technologies- We have decided to make use of basic devic es such as describeboard, mouse and advanced devices such as touch screens (to make work easier and faster), Voice recognition 3 for access of secluded information only by authenticated persons (we do not make use of protection mechanisms provided by passwords because in todays era of technology it is not full safe since password cracking has become very easy and common).Output technologies- Liquid crystal display (LCD) screens and printers.Communication technologies- Internet connections.Transportation of products-The transportation of the products wad with by appointing a team of employees for this department, since our main objective is to expand and promote our business, initially we would require a minimum of 20 personnel furnished with fast and fuel in force(p) road transportation facilities, for each branch in case of local(within the same city branches), now in case of inter-city transports we have to appoint equivalent depend of personnel and too have to make tie-up s with transportation management of rails and air transport. The transaction of products and allotment of duties to the employees should be done and all the details must be saved in hardware memory.Analysis of Software Requirement for the Pizza Shop-Computer hardware put up be only effective according to the instructions we give it, and those instructions are contained in software. Software has become an everyday feature of all the businesses. For our business designing we leave require the following software-Operating system- Windows 74Spreadsheets- Microsoft Excel 2010, for managing tabular information, or any information which requires storage in tabular form. enounce Processing software- Microsoft Word 2010, for managing all types of text files.Data Management- Microsoft Access, for cost-effective management of all information. person-to-person Information Management software- Microsoft Outlook, this software allows users to create and maintain management calendars, appoint ments, etc.Personal Finance software- Microsoft Money, which allows users to maintain checkbooks, track investments, monitor credit cards, bank and pay bills electronically.Web Authoring software- Microsoft FrontPage, which allows users to design Web sites and publish them on the web.Communications software- Netscape Messenger, which allows users to communicate with other people oer any distance.Security Suite software- McAfee Internet Security Suite (www.mcafee.com)Anti-malware Product VirusScan (www.mcafee.com).Firewall7- McAfee Internet Security (www.mcafee.com)Anti-spam Software SpamKiller (www.mcafee.com)For restoring backup files- We will use the Windows Backup utility to restore the backup copies on the hard disk.Analysis of data and databases that can be employed by the company-All the business applications require data. For managing data and databases in the pizza shop, we would require a database management system (DBMS), in order to manage data in all aspects of our bus iness such as employee data, customers data, product stores data etc. Its main drill is to store all the essential data in files. The application of a DBMS 5 at the pizza shop will provide the following benefits-Minimization of Data redundancy- i.e., the storage of the same data in many places is avoided there preventing unnecessary usage of memory space.Prevention Data isolation- Applications will be able to access data associated with other applications, thereby preventing creation of exclusive data sets for all the applications, and too leading to efficient memory management.Prevention of Data inconsistency Creation of various copies of the data is not agreed upon.Enhanced data security.Maintenance of data integrity- In many cases, data needs to have certain constraints, such as no alphabetic characters in a Social Security number field and DBMS helps in achieving these.The administrator can also add, delete, access, and analyze data stored in one location. He can access the da ta by employ query and reporting tools that are part of the DBMS or by using application programs specifically written to access the data.All these advantages in the database system can considerably optimize the handling of high volumes of orders by customers, since the manager/employee will be able to store and retrieve data about customers very efficiently. In case the same customer places an order again, since the data about which is alreadystored (upon his first order) can be retrieved very fast using DBMS and the overall processing of the store will become increasingly efficient especially in peak hours(timings for lunch and dinner). This feature would also provide ease to the customer, since he would not have to explains his location over and over again, and this may lead to the customers increased interest in availing the pizza shop services again in the future.Implementation of Data Warehousing-We have implemented data warehouses for the following type of cases-If the manag er of the pizza shop wanted to know the cyberspace margin on gross revenue of vegetarian pizzas, he could view out from his database, using SQL 6 (structured query language) or QBE (query by example)7. However, if he needed to know the trend in the profit margins on sales of vegetarian pizzas over the last 3 years, he would have a very difficult query to construct in SQL or QBE. The pizza shop managers problem shows us two reasons why organizations are building data warehouses. First, the organizations databases have the necessary information to answer his query, but it is not organized in a way that makes it easy for him to search for needed information and also, the organizations databases are designed to process millions of transactions per day. Therefore, complicated queries might take a long time to answer and also might degrade the performance of the databases. As a result of these problems, companies are using data warehouse tools to make it easier and faster for users to access, analyze, and query data. Data mining tools (discussed in the next section) allow users to search for valuable business information in a large database or data warehouse.Implementation of Data Mining-Data mining can perform two basic operations predicting trends and behaviors and identifying previously unknown patterns. This analysis provides users with a view of what is happening. Data mining addresses, why it is happening and provides predictions of what will happen in the future and also automates the process of finding predictive information in large databases. In the pizza shop, implementation of data mining will lead to the following benefits in the business-In the aspect of sales- Predicting sales, preventing theft and fraud, and determining pay off storage aims and since the business has been projected to expand, data mining will also lead to knowledge of distribution schedules among various outlets.In the aspect of Manufacturing and production- Predicting machinery failures and finding key factors that help optimize manufacturing capacity.Marketing- Classifying customer demographics that can be used to predict which customer will respond to a mailing or buy a particular product.E-Commerce Solutions to generate an online business presence-The concepts of E-Business comprise of buying and selling of goods and services, it also refers to servicing customers, col fatigueating with business partners, and performing electronic transactions within an organization.We have be after to put into use the following features of E-business for the pizza shops-Online direct marketing- Using this feature the pizza shop can directly sell its services to customers via websites in the internet.Advertising- Since a majority of the people today access internet, advertising on the internet would be very useful and profitable to the pizza shop.Electronic Payment Systems- routine of this feature will enable thickenings to pay for goods and services electronically, rather than writing a check or using cash. Electronic payment systems include electronic checks, electronic credit cards, purchasing cards, and electronic cash. Payments are an integral part of doing business, and using electronic payment system would be of ease to both the client and the business.E-Business Solutions that can be utilized to improve the managementof supply chain-The function of supply chain management (SCM) is to plan, organize, and optimize the supply chainsactivities such as flow of materials, information, money, and services from raw material suppliers, through factories and warehouses to the end customers. The e-business solutions that we will use here are-Information Sharing along the supply chain over the internet For instance if we provide access to information about usage and daily requirement of cheese on a daily basis by every branch of the pizza store to the manufacturer whom we are dealing with, then this knowledge will enable the manufacturer to provi de timely and efficient replenishment of cheese to every branch of the pizza store.Using Electronic Inventories In order to deal with the unexpected uncertainties of supply chain in the pizza shop, we can build inventories so that customers can have what they want at the correct time, and a minimal amount of standardized stock can also be maintained. Information about these inventories can be efficiently stored and updated in the electronic databases. The electronic storage of information reduces the probabilities of errors, and also free employees from manual labor of maintaining information about the stock of products.Efficient Telecommunication Networks used to attract customers-In order to attract customers and provide them an enhanced experience we will make use of the following-Publishing information and attractive offers for customers, at various social networking sites such as www.facebook.com, www.myspace.com, etc.Uploading video advertisements about the pizza shop at www. youtube.com, which is a social networking site for videos.Conducting online surveys, for the betterment as well as knowing about the current popularity and likes/dislikes about the pizza shops. Blogs can also be created, a blog is a personal Web site, open to the public, in which the site creator expresses his or her feelings or opinions. Accordingly, modifications can be made in order to increase profitabilityInternet telephony (voice-over Internet protocol or VoIP) i.e., use of the Internet as thetransmission medium for telephone calls. This can enable the customers to make internet calls, thereby providing ease in communication to the pizza shop.Decision Support Systems for our system-Decision support systems (DSSs) basically combine the modelings and data in an attempt to solve unstructured problems with extensive user involvement. DSS will provide interactive to data, enable manipulation of these data, and to provide business managers and analysts of the pizza shop the ability to conduct appropriate analyses. For application of Decision support systems in the pizza shop we have decided to carry out the following steps- sensitiveness analysis 8- the managers of the pizza shop will conduct this analysis in order to predict how their decisions can have impact on other decisions. For instance, progression of non-vegetarian pizzas at a time where the non-vegetarian ingredients are expensive in the market, would considerably impact the pizza shops profitability. For countering these problems the manager can make use of sensitive model or nonsensitive model.What if analysis 9- the manager of the pizza shop will conduct this analysis in order to deal with unexpected uncertainties or problems and also predict its impact. For instance, what will happen to the total inventory cost if the originally assumed cost of carrying inventories is not 10 share but 12 percent? In a well designed Business intelligence system10, managers themselves can interactively ask the c omputer these types of questions as many times as they need to.Goal-Seeking Analysis 11- Goal-seeking analysis would enable the manager to predict future situations in comparison to the current scenario. For instance, the manager of the pizza shop would want to project future sales or meeting a target of profits based on current profits, let us consider for example that the current profits are of $2million, now he might want to know, what sales volume and additional advertising would be necessary to generate a profit of $3 million. To find out he would perform a goal-seeking analysis.Group Decision Support Systems12- This would make managers located at different physical location to communicate through computer support systems which serves primarily as a vehicle for improving communication, coordination, and problem solving.Technologies to enhance business processes-Usage of Digital Dashboards 13-This feature will be used by the top-level executives of the pizza shop. Using this tec hnology they can have access to information all the levels of information in a fast and efficient manner.Usage of Expert Systems14-This technology can aid the managers in the decision making process since expert systems possess the abilities that can reach a level of performance comparable to a human expert in certain or specialized problem areas.Enhancing the online presence by selling products with customers over the web-We have projected to achieve an enhanced online presence by providing better services for online transactions by establishing a contract with the online e-commerce website Paypal. We have chosen this site because it provides features such as funding with an electronic debit from abank accountor by acredit card, easy user interface and deposit transactions which also relieves the customers of thefts and other threats of online transactions. Since PayPal operates in 190 markets,users of most locations can access and easily make transactions through Paypal for servi ces of the pizza shop. in any case PayPal allows customers to send, receive, and hold funds in 24 currencies worldwide, so when in future branches of the pizza shop are opened in several countries, this feature will be very useful.References- pile OBrien, 2009. Introduction to Information Systems, 15th Edition. 15 Edition. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.R. Kelly Rainer, 2010. Introduction to Information Systems Supporting and Transforming Business. 3 Edition. Wiley.Ralph M. Stair, 1997. An Introduction to Information Systems. Edition. Course Technology.James A. OBrien, 1997. Introduction To Information Systems An Internetworked Enterprise Perspective. 2 Sub Edition. Richard D Irwin.R. Kelly Rainer, 2009. Introduction to Information Systems, Binder Ready Version Enabling and Transforming Business. 3ird Edition Edition. Wiley.Judith C. Simon, 2000. Introduction to Information Systems. Student international edition Edition. Wiley.

Comparison of Public Health and Clinical Research Ethics

Comparison of human beings Health and Clinical investigate ethicsHow Does Public Health Research Ethics Differ From Clinical Research Ethics?Zoheb RafiqueINTRODUCTIONThe field of biomedical moral philosophy arose in late 1960s in the repartee to nigh emerging estimable dilemmas and issues of that era. This field for many years focused on dilemmas generated by the eminent technology medicine, rather than on the issues of the population wellness and the ethical problems of cosmos wellness programs. The discipline Bio moral philosophy received the initial stimulus from abuses and issues of human subjects look into, excessively the emergence of diligents rights movement, and the drama of high technology medicine. The Research involving human subjects has often been a central ethical issue and problem for the biomedicine for at least hundred (100) years now, and particularly since the reality War 2. Just as the habitual wellness is broad in the scope, the range of the ethi cal issues in this field is uncommonly wide, and encompassing the ethics in the public health as well as ethics of public health (1). In past twenty (20) years, the enquiry base of the clinical ethics has gained tremendous strength appreciably. However the main enquiry opportunities didnt come under broad heading of the clinical ethics, but instead through the special(prenominal) programs such as human genome project and end of life movement (2). In this paper, I testament discuss the differences between public health research ethics and clinical research ethics.DISCUSSIONThe Public health research ethics include ethics regarding the community participation in the research, while the clinical research ethics include the ethics regarding the clinical patient research. This is major difference between these two scenarios, now I will discuss it in detail. Most of the research has focused on the clinical and the experimental medicine (efficacy, safety and the utensil of action, an d too regulatory issues to general neglect of the public health dimensions. The Public health ethics, which is defined as identification, analytic thinking, and the resolution of the ethical problems occurring in the public health practice and in like manner research, and it, has different domains than those of the medical ethics. The ethical concerns in the public health often relate to dual obligations of the public health professionals to apply and acquire the scientific knowledge that aimed at restoring and also protecting publics health while look uponing the individual autonomy. Ethics in the public health involves interplay between safeguarding welfare of individual, as in medicine, and the public health closing of protecting public welfare. Some other ethical concerns in the public health relate to need to ensure just distribution of the public health resources. The Public health ethics has broad scope that includes the ethical and the social issues arising in the heal th promotion and the disease prevention, the epidemiological research, and also public health practice. The main professional roles of the epidemiology are design and the conduct of the scientific research and public health application of the scientific knowledge. This includes reporting the research burdens and also maintaining and promoting the health in communities. Also in carrying out the professional roles, the epidemiologists often encounter many ethical issues and some concerns that require the careful consideration. Many of those issues have been highlighted and intercommunicate in literature on ethics in the epidemiology and the public health including the ethics guidelines. The ethical and the professional norms in the epidemiology have also been clarified in the ethics guidelines for the epidemiologists and often the public health professionals. The Ethics guidelines such as those developed for Industrial Epidemiology Forum, International society for the Environmental Epidemiology, and American college of the Epidemiology also depart useful accounts of the epidemiologists obligations to the research participants, employs, society, and colleagues (3). The Epidemiologic studies can provide the descriptive data that can lead scientists later to develop some intervention that can result in the reduction in morbidity and mortality the health education program can be one of the multiple interventions that together reduce the risks and also ill health. The argument here, however, is that the public health programs, studies, or interventions, must be designed with the awareness of relationship between that program and ultimate reduction in the morbidity and mortality. The Public health programs may result in high employment, as well as some less tangible benefits such as coalition building and strengthening of the communities. Today, the public health practitioner use some tools in addition to the epidemiology to register their work, still aiming prima rily on community wide, also typically prospective methods and approaches to improve health. In addition, the practitioners investigate the outbreaks, provide health education, conduct contact tracing, and also other preventive interventions, and organize research related to the public health (4). The Public health agencies require the identifiable health information for conducting different public health activities. The increasing number of the functions, including the public health Surveillance, and outbreak and incident investigations and program implementation, and some direct health services, such as the clinical public health activities and services and the research, maintenance, and the storage of the private health information. The Successful execution of all these functions depends on the data quality and the accessibility. Heightened security is very necessary and paramount to maintain the public confidence also good health care and it depends on the patients providing th e accurate and sensitive information to their care providers in a very timely manner. Placing restrictions on the data acquisition, use, and the revelation also poses some risks, particularly if those restrictions impede acquisition of the key surveillance data, which would otherwise be used to prevent the disease, investigate the causation, and enable the interventions to protect the unfastened population. Additionally, electronic data could potentially permit real time public health Surveillance and also can facilitate the faster emergency response (5). Advances in the science, technology and the biomedical research have pushed the boundaries of Belmont principles and stimulating the need for the communities to be involved in informed consent process. Changes in the Food and the drug Administration regulations allow the waivers of the informed consent in life threatening emergencies. The rights of the unconscious participants are assumed to be accorded degree of the protection through mechanism of the Community Consultation which requires the prior consultation by the investigators and the institutional review board with the community representatives and public disclosure to affected community both in the beginning and after that research (6). Now I will discuss the clinical research ethics, and we will see how it is different from public health research ethics. taking into account the sound and the increasing emphasis of recent years that the experimentation in man must precede the general application of the new procedures in the therapy, and also there is reason to fear that these requirements and the resources might be greater than supply of the responsible investigators. Medical schools and the university hospitals are increasingly dominated by the investigators. each young man knows that he will never be promoted to some tenure post, and to a professorship in a major medical school, unless he has proved himself as an investigator. If the ready avai lability of the money for conducting the research is added to this fact, one can see how great the pressures are on the ambitious young physicians (7). A taxonomy was developed for the clinical ethics research, based on the method rather than the clinical area. This divided research in different terms of whether it used suppositional or any empirical methods. First, we will see the theoretical methods of the clinical ethics research. Philosophy (e.g., How should the decisions on background knowledge the priorities be made legitimate and also fair?). Law (e.g., what practices in setting the priorities in regional health authority might constitute discrimination?). Policy (e.g., what policy should the governments follow in funding the new technologies in medicine?). Now lets see the empirical methods of clinical ethics research. Social Sciences (e.g., how do the regional health authorities in the developing countries make the decisions on setting the priorities?). Decision analysis (e.g., How do you trade-off considerations of equity and efficiency in the decisions on setting priorities?). Clinical epidemiology (e.g., what are the criteria used to allocate the liver transplant?). Health services research (e.g., how does the delivery of the cardiac surgery vary by patient gender and ethnicity?). Within empirical research (both in ethics and more generally), there is some growing recognition that the quantitative methods alone are not adequate. Since many of the phenomena examined by the ethics researchers are deeply entwined into fabric of professions, organizations, and the human lives, qualitative methods have begun to play an important role. For example, one investigator performed the observational research on how physicians discuss do-not-resuscitate orders and also advance care planning. The role of the qualitative methods is both increasing and broadening to include not only the content analysis but also grounded theory, the ethnography, and the case stud y designs. When we review the field of the clinical ethics a decade from now, we hope that the focus will have shifted from the ethics courses, committees and the consultants to an understanding on the part of more or less physicians and medical students that ethics is an inherent and inseparable part of the good clinical medicine. We hope that clinical ethics will have achieved its rightful place at the interstices of relations between the patients who are sick and physicians who profess to be able to heal and comfort them. Clinical ethics has made progress towards this vision in the past some years. The challenge remains for the research into ethical issues to become a mainstream concern for the funding agencies around the World.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, it is stated that although public health research and clinical research are different from each other, but ethical dilemmas are approach by both and also they are same in many situations. While considering the public health resea rch ethics, the researcher must show respect for communitys culture, also take community input on the protocol development, and ensure that research is useful to community, and should respect the communitys knowledge and the experience, and ensure that the informed consent is correctly taken before starting any of the research (8). While considering the clinical research ethics, two components are most important, the first being the informed consent. The statement that informed consent has been obtained has very little meaning unless the participant or his/her guardian is capable of understanding what is to be undertaken and unless all of hazards are made clear. If these are not known this, too, has been stated. Secondly, there is more reliable safeguard provided by presence of intelligent, informed, compassionate, conscientious, and responsible investigator.REFERENCES1. Daniel Callahan and Bruce Jennings. Ethics and Public Health Forging a Strong Relationship. American daybook of Public Health 2002 Vol 92, No. 2 169-176.2. Peter A Singer Et Al. Clinical Ethics Revisited. BMC Medical Ethics 2001 21.3. Steven S Coughlin. Ethical issues in epidemiologic research and public health practice. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology. BioMed central 2006 316.4. Nancy E. Kass. An Ethical Framework for Public Health. Public Health Matters.5. Julie Myers Et Al. Privacy and Public Health at Risk Public Health Confidentiality in the Digital Age. American Journal of Public Health 2008 Vol 98, No. 5793-801.6. Sandra Crouse Quinn. Protecting Human Subjects the Role of Community Advisory Boards. American Journal of Public Health 2004 Vol 94, No. 6918-922.7. Henry K. Beecher. Ethics and Clinical Research. The New England Journal of Medicine 1966 Vol 274, No. 241354-1360.8. C. Weijer and E.J. Emanuel. Protecting Communities in Biomedical Research. Science. Policy Forum Ethics 2000 Vol 2891142-1144.

The Poetry of Emily Dickinson Essay example -- Personal Response Essay

Emily Dickinson has always been one of my favorite poets. I love her poems because of the pain and sorrow they contain to which I notify easily relate. She often writes of funerals and death. I myself have watched in like manner many booster amplifiers die and have wondered why God would let this happen. At every funeral, some wholesome meaning mourner would say--,The Lord c wholeed him or Shes with Jesus now. My gut reaction was always, Bullshit. Then Emily Dickinsons poem My Life Closed Twice Before its Close would bed to mind, especially the live deuce lines--,Parting is all we know of Heaven and all we need of hell. More than anything Ive ever heard those lines summarize the doubts Ive had about an hereafter and the pain of those left hand behind. My friend Molly Moynahan, recently wrote a novel and titled it Parting is all We Know of Heaven. The book opens with Dickinsons poem in its entirety. It is the grade of a new woman whose life is destroyed by grief foll owing her sisters death. I too have been at the point where grief unite with my own incapacity (drugs and alcohol) almost destroyed my life. My best friend since childhood killed herself by eating 56 valium pills. Her suicide note said that she was too ashamed of herself to deliver her family anymore. Her parents didnt even bother to come to her funeral. We had to take up a collection in the bar to bury her. Two weeks later another(prenominal) good friend choked to death on his own vomit. His three year old daughter found him the next morning. I was overwhelmed with guilt when I realized I had been drinking with him the night before. To this day when I see his wife and children at the supermarket, I cant look them in the face. Within the next two months I befogged three other friends t... ... we discussed in class the tradition among New England Puritans of facial expression in the face of the dead and reading their emotions to determine whether or not they were tone endi ng to heaven. Ive thought about this a lot since Ive found God and I hope that it isnt true. Everyone Ive known has died a horrible death. They were all running down in the prime of their lives--face down in their own vomit, on the cold, dirty floor of a bathroom, decapitated in a car wreck, in a move AIDS ward in a city hospital. None of them had a chance to make their peace with God or with themselves for that matter. Im convinced(predicate) none of them died looking content or peaceful but terrified and at best surprised. Therefore I would like to believe that hell is all that has gone on here in this life and that after the parting there is a heaven where those who suffered on earth are given a second chance. The meter of Emily Dickinson Essay example -- Personal Response EssayEmily Dickinson has always been one of my favorite poets. I love her poems because of the pain and sorrow they contain to which I can easily relate. She often writes of funerals and de ath. I myself have watched too many friends die and have wondered why God would let this happen. At every funeral, some well meaning mourner would say--,The Lord called him or Shes with Jesus now. My gut reaction was always, Bullshit. Then Emily Dickinsons poem My Life Closed Twice Before its Close would come to mind, especially the last two lines--,Parting is all we know of Heaven and all we need of hell. More than anything Ive ever heard those lines summarize the doubts Ive had about an afterlife and the pain of those left behind. My friend Molly Moynahan, recently wrote a novel and titled it Parting is all We Know of Heaven. The book opens with Dickinsons poem in its entirety. It is the story of a young woman whose life is destroyed by grief following her sisters death. I too have been at the point where grief combined with my own stupidity (drugs and alcohol) almost destroyed my life. My best friend since childhood killed herself by eating 56 valium pills. Her suicid e note said that she was too ashamed of herself to face her family anymore. Her parents didnt even bother to come to her funeral. We had to take up a collection in the bar to bury her. Two weeks later another good friend choked to death on his own vomit. His three year old daughter found him the next morning. I was overwhelmed with guilt when I realized I had been drinking with him the night before. To this day when I see his wife and children at the supermarket, I cant look them in the face. Within the next two months I lost three other friends t... ... we discussed in class the tradition among New England Puritans of looking in the face of the dead and reading their emotions to determine whether or not they were going to heaven. Ive thought about this a lot since Ive found God and I hope that it isnt true. Everyone Ive known has died a horrible death. They were all cut down in the prime of their lives--face down in their own vomit, on the cold, dirty floor of a bathroom, decapita ted in a car wreck, in a crowded AIDS ward in a city hospital. None of them had a chance to make their peace with God or with themselves for that matter. Im sure none of them died looking content or peaceful but terrified and at best surprised. Therefore I would like to believe that hell is all that has gone on here in this life and that after the parting there is a heaven where those who suffered on earth are given a second chance.

Essay on Taming of the Shrew: Deciphering Kate’s Shrewish Character

The Taming of the Shrew Deciphering Kates Shrewish Character The Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeares most popular plays. It is both a humourous and complex play with characters that are appealing and believable drawn from life and based on a keen understanding of human nature. One rat see this in the main character of the play, the shrew Katherine. The reasons for Kates shrewd behavior as well as her tameness have puzzled Critics and Shakespearean scholars for ages. This set about will attempt to decipher Kates shrewish character from the beginning with her father and sister, through the middle with her first-class honours degree meeting of Petruchio, to the finale where she is finally tamed. There is a strong underlying notion that Kates shrewish behavior is a by-product of the mistreatment of her sister and father. Firstly, Kates father continually humiliates her in public. For example, when Baptista, Kates father, informed Biancas suitors, Tranio and Lucentio, in p ublic that he will not allow either of them to marry his younger daughter until a husband is found for Katherine, he is in effect announcing he first wants to have Katherine off his hands. He then offers her to either of Biancas suitors. Katherines humiliation at this point is complete. Not only is she discussed on a public street same a piece of scandalous gossip but she is also offered to her sisters suitors by her own father and profusely turned onward as one turns away from a piece of rotten meat. Kate then tries to reveal her mortification to her father, I pray you, sir, is it your will/To make a stale of me amongst these mates?(57-58). Upon hearing this, Hortensio scolds Kate for her disreputable temper to which she replies that i... .... There is now obvious kernel between the two, and Petruchio says of their new harmony, Is not this well? (154). He calls her his sweet Kate, and she recognizes the sincerity of the epithet. Therefore, with careful love and affection stemm ing from Petruchios sincerity towards Katherine, her shrewd behavior turns into sweet honey. In conclusion, due to her father and sisters lack of affection and humiliation, Kate develops a nasty shrewish character. She then recognizes her equal when she meets Petruchio, in so far she has no choice but to keep acting as a shrew. It is not until Petruchio wins Kates affection through his kindness and love that she finally lets go of her shrewish cover and becomes the envied wife of every husband Works ConsultedShakespeare, William. The Taming of the Shrew. Ed. Milton Glaser. New York Signet, 1971.