Theories of Convergence

The increasing globalization of modern businesses has posed a problem of integrating the headquarters of enterprises with their subsidiaries.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Theories of Convergence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the point, there are many approaches and models helping us understand the nature of cross-cultural management as well as those strategies which business administrators should adopt in order to make the company more productive. This paper will discuss the theories of convergence, divergence, and crossvergence that show how different cultures interact with one another. Overall, the theories of convergence postulates that the key driver of value formation in any international organization is technology and economic development, which means that a less industrialized society tends to adopt the values of a more technologically or economically advanced country. For example, if a U.S.- based company has a subsidiary in India, China, or Taiwan, the value system of the subsidiary will resemble that one of the headquarters (Ralston, n. d. p 5). One should also mention the so-called divergence theory which opposes the idea of convergence. According to it, socio-cultural differences between the headquarters and the subsidiary can hardly be minimized (Ralston, n. d. p 5). Furthermore, they should be managed according to the principles that are habitual for the employees of a certain country or culture. Finally, one has to speak about the idea of crossvergeance. According to it, values of organization as well managerial strategies have to be based on a certain business ideology and socio-cultural innfluences (Ralston, n. d. p 6). The advocates of this approach assume that that the management of an international company depends on the demographic trends in a certain region, the age of employees, their religion, the product of a company, and certainly their culture. Overal l, the knowledge of this theoretical framework allows the manager to better coordinate the effort between the headquarters and the subsidiary. On the basis of this research, one would be able to pinpoint a certain idea which would unite members of the personnel, irrespective of their cultural or ethnic origin.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The theories of convergence are similar to other approaches to cross-cultural management. For instance, one can mention Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Hoftededy argues that culture shapes work-related values such attitude to hierarchy, relations between the employees, assessment of one’s performance and so forth (Hofstede as cited in Johann, 2008, p 5). Nonetheless, the theories that we have discussed, are more oriented toward practical needs of international companies, in other words, they are aimed at answering the question how people of different cultures can work together. If I had been faced with a task of integrating headquarters with subsidiaries, I would have applied the theory of crossvergence as a guide. In my view, this model is the most beneficial one because it urges the managers not to overlook the importance of employee’s age, gender, religion, political system in the country, and so forth. Furthermore, this framework differentiates between the work values of an individual and the team and this aspect is frequently overlooked by other theorists. A manager who is trying to integrate the headquarters with subsidiaries would have to come up with a certain value that would appeal to each employee, for example, the uniqueness of the product or excellent quality of the services, offered by the company. In other words, each of the workers must be proud to be employed the company. Only in this way, one would be able to find a common denominator between cultures. References Johann. R. 2008. Cross-Cultural Management: The Case of the DaimlerChrysler Merger. GRIN Verlag. Mead, R and Andrews, T.G. 2009. International Management 4th Edition. NY: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Theories of Convergence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ralston. D. (n. d) â€Å"The Crossvergence Perspective: Reflections and Projections†. University of Oklahoma. Web. This assessment on Theories of Convergence was written and submitted by user Mess1ah to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Way Of The World

â€Å"The Way of the World† as a Restoration Comedy: Restoration Comedy is a type of Restoration Drama, which is related with the manners and attitudes of the characters and what the audience laugh at them after the pursuit of sex and money. In a way, the Comedy of Manners is a witty, and cerebral form of dramatic comedy that depicts and often satirizes the manners and affectations of a contemporary society. A comedy of manners is concerned with social usage and the question of whether or not characters meet certain social standards. The plot of such a comedy, usually concerned with an illicit love affair or similarly scandalous matter, is subordinate to the play's brittle atmosphere, witty dialogue, criticism and commentary on human foibles. â€Å"The Way of the World† which is written by William Congreve, is a restoration comedy play with its witty dialogues between the characters, criticism of the upper class people’s manners and also satiric and effective scenes such as lady and maid; unmasking scene of male libertine and proviso scene that ends in a lyrical celebration of unity. â€Å"The Way of the World† (1700), in fact â€Å"a world of wit and pleasure inhabited by persons of quality and deformed neither by realism nor by farce† (Congreve, p.401) which has come to be regarded as one of the great comedies in the English language. The plays of Congreve are considered the greatest achievement of Restoration comedy. They are comedies of manners, depicting an artificial and narrow world as explained above, peopled by characters of nobility and fashion, to whom manners, especially gallantry, are more important than morals such as Mirabell, Lady Wishfort, and Fainall. No doubt, Congreve’s view of mankind is amused and cynical. His characters are constantly engaged in complicated intrigues, usually centering around money like Mirabell, which involve mistaken identities like Mrs.Marwood, the signing or not signing of legal documents, ... Free Essays on The Way Of The World Free Essays on The Way Of The World â€Å"The Way of the World† as a Restoration Comedy: Restoration Comedy is a type of Restoration Drama, which is related with the manners and attitudes of the characters and what the audience laugh at them after the pursuit of sex and money. In a way, the Comedy of Manners is a witty, and cerebral form of dramatic comedy that depicts and often satirizes the manners and affectations of a contemporary society. A comedy of manners is concerned with social usage and the question of whether or not characters meet certain social standards. The plot of such a comedy, usually concerned with an illicit love affair or similarly scandalous matter, is subordinate to the play's brittle atmosphere, witty dialogue, criticism and commentary on human foibles. â€Å"The Way of the World† which is written by William Congreve, is a restoration comedy play with its witty dialogues between the characters, criticism of the upper class people’s manners and also satiric and effective scenes such as lady and maid; unmasking scene of male libertine and proviso scene that ends in a lyrical celebration of unity. â€Å"The Way of the World† (1700), in fact â€Å"a world of wit and pleasure inhabited by persons of quality and deformed neither by realism nor by farce† (Congreve, p.401) which has come to be regarded as one of the great comedies in the English language. The plays of Congreve are considered the greatest achievement of Restoration comedy. They are comedies of manners, depicting an artificial and narrow world as explained above, peopled by characters of nobility and fashion, to whom manners, especially gallantry, are more important than morals such as Mirabell, Lady Wishfort, and Fainall. No doubt, Congreve’s view of mankind is amused and cynical. His characters are constantly engaged in complicated intrigues, usually centering around money like Mirabell, which involve mistaken identities like Mrs.Marwood, the signing or not signing of legal documents, ...

The Public Campaign No More Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Public Campaign No More - Case Study Example As the paper outlines, started in 2013, the NO MORE campaign started in recognition of the fact that although millions of people face domestic and sexual assault every day, little is done to create awareness about the issue. It remains hidden and is less of a concern to the public. A group of people from the domestic and sexual assault prevention came together and realized that when people unite and fight the problem, it could create more public awareness on the issue. The campaign’s blue â€Å"vanishing point† symbol originated from a phenomenon of zero domestic violence and sexual assault inspired by Christine Mau, a survivor of such assault. Organizations fighting against domestic and sexual assault had to come together and partner with the NO MORE to organize and make the campaign possible. The NO MORE PSA Campaign is headed by the Joyful Heart Foundation partnering with NO MORE and is directed by actress, Mariska Hargitay. The face of the campaign is a team of more than 50 celebrities and public heads who are at the forefront in creating awareness and asking the public not to standby, but engage in the campaign. Participants of the campaign mainly comprise of celebrities and other organizations that are at the forefront of fighting domestic violence and sexual assault on people. Other non-profit organizations that are dedicated to ending domestic violence and sexual assault also have active participation in the NO MORE campaign. The NO MORE PSA campaign is a three-year public awareness campaign that is set to create public awareness in the importance of reducing domestic and sexual assault among families. The campaign is set to go across the US and other international markets. Among the tools to be used in creating the awareness include print, outdoor, online and other forms of broadcast advertising. The awareness will be made public in train stations, airports, and medical facilities.  

International Relations of Global Environmental Change Essay

International Relations of Global Environmental Change - Essay Example It is important to understand however the problems of implementing stern policies. The consequences of these policies on environment will be highly negative and this may decrease international trade drastically. Developing world is lacking the technology to produce environmental friendly products (Matsumura, A. 2010). They are taking initiatives but it will take a lot of time for any major change. In such situation where developing world in lacking resources, the strict policies for environmental protection can cause damage to their economy and to the world as well. Reducing global trade can lead the world into a financial crunch. This is why World Trade Organization cannot take up strict policies regarding global trade. International trade needs to be encouraged in order to maintain the economic prosperity in the world. Countries like South Korea and Taiwan have an export oriented economy. If the global trade is reduced then their economy will suffer badly. Also the world cannot just ban products from the developing world because they are producing high quality cheap products. The same products cannot be produced with similar costs in the developed world.This means that the world economy will also suffer if developing countries are forced to abide by the environmental protection law. People all over the world will have to pay high costs for products and economies of developing countries will suffer as a result of strict restrictions on global trade. This is the reason why global trade cannot be curtailed over environmental concerns. ... Reducing global trade can lead the world into a financial crunch. This is why World Trade Organization cannot take up strict policies regarding global trade. International trade needs to be encouraged in order to maintain the economic prosperity in the world. Countries like South Korea and Taiwan have an export oriented economy. If the global trade is reduced then their economy will suffer badly. Also the world cannot just ban products from the developing world because they are producing high quality cheap products. The same products cannot be produced with similar costs in the developed world. This means that the world economy will also suffer if developing countries are forced to abide by the environmental protection law. People all over the world will have to pay high costs for products and economies of developing countries will suffer as a result of strict restrictions on global trade. This is the reason why global trade cannot be curtailed over environmental concerns. Also devel oping countries are not in favor of environmental protection laws. They argue that the developed world was allowed to use the methods of production and this contributed to their growth and dominance today. Now when the developing world is following in their footsteps then they are being rebuked and stopped. Environmental laws are seen by many as methods by which developed world is trying to hinder the economic growth of developing world. This is another reason why tensions exist between environmental protection and global trade. Developing world sees this as an opportunity to expand its economy while any strict environmental policies will do

Describe the main grievances of the Russian people Essay Example for Free

Describe the main grievances of the Russian people Essay In the early 19th century Russia was still a typical pre-modern society. A century later it had been transformed. The main changes that effected the Russian community took place in the late 19th century and early 20th centuries. Although the country was prospering in terms of economy, 80 per cent of the population were classified as peasant who lived in small farming villages that were using primitive farming methods. At the beginning of the 20th century, half the Russian population was illerate. This may have been due to the fact that until the 1860s the peasants had not been set free, although the Emancipation Act was attempting to correct this, not much had changed. Industrial growth after the abolition of serfdom did not really help progress the economy. One school of thought expected that the abolition of serfdom would create a spontaneous upsurge in industrialisation. The Emancipation act did nothing to stimulate a sudden upsurge in industrialisation, but it did not entirely block economic progress either. Though the size of peasant allotments did remain roughly equal, the amounts they actually farmed did not, because poorer households, with insufficient labour or livestock to farm their own allotments, rented them to wealthier peasants who could farm extra land. Industrial production did not grow rapidly, and by the 1900 Russia had a well-established base for further industrial development and an extensive railway network. The record for the agricultural sector was unimpressive, even though agriculture remained by far the largest sector of the economy. Growth was thus rapid but unbalanced. While industry expanded, the living conditions of large sections of the peasantry declined. Industrial development was therefore felt for the most part as a decline rather then a rise in material living standards. The problem for most people was how to cope with deteriorating economic conditions. The increased tax burden was combined with growing land shortage. Between 1860 and 1900 the average allotment per male peasant had declined about 46 per cent. At the same time, a growing number of poor peasants did not have the livestock necessary to work and manure their land. Declining land holdings and rising taxes had a profound effect on the peasantry. They meant the peasants who in the past had been able to support themselves mainly from the land, now had to adopt one of two strategies, either sell their grain for cash, or seek monetary incomes/wages. Russian industrial development favoured not the manufacture of consumer goods, but that of producer goods such as iron. In other words it did little to increase the availability or cheapness of consumer goods or increase material living standards. On the contrary, it affected people above all through an increase in the taxation necessary to pay for industrial development. Although the country was prospering in terms of economy, eighty per cent of the population were classified as peasant who lived in small farming villages that were using primitive farming methods. At the beginning of the 20th century, half of the Russian population was illiterate. This may have been due to the fact that until the 1860s the peasants had not been se free, although the Emancipation Act was attempting to correct this, not much had changed.

Values Education Essay -- Education

A multitude of complex and contentious legal issues face individuals and groups alike in Australia on a day-to-day basis. By notion, Legal Studies is then intended as an opportunity for students in their senior years of schooling to develop knowledge and tangible skills, as well as shape the values, attitudes and beliefs necessary to enhance their awareness and ability to actively participate as informed, proactive and critical members of society (Queensland Studies Authority, 2007). To effectively navigate the legal and moral mindfield that beckons, it is vital for students to be informed about their rights and responsibilities within legislation (Eekelaark, 1992). Essential to the progression of students through the syllabus is the concept of Values Education, which when taught in conjunction with Productive Pedagogies models in the classroom describes explicit or implicit school-based activities which promotes a student’s knowledge and understanding of values, which develop s the skills and dispositions of students so they can enact particular values in their everyday lives as individuals and members of the community (Queensland Government Department of Education and Training, 2004). In Queensland, Legal Studies consists of six prescribed sections of study throughout Year 11 and 12: â€Å"The legal system†; â€Å"Crime and society†; â€Å"Civil obligations†; â€Å"You, the law and society† (renting and buying; family; jobs; sport; environment; consumers; technology; rights and responsibilities – at least two units to be chosen); â€Å"Independent study† and â€Å"Law in a changing society† whereby students collect, organise, analyse and synthesise relevant information and evaluate its quality and validity across a variety of sources (Queensland Studies Aut... ...ueensland Government Department of Education and Training (2004). Productive Pedagogies. Retrieved from Queensland Government Department of Education and Training website http://education.qld.gov.au/public_media/reports/curriculum-framework/productive-pedagogies/pdfs/prodped.pdf Schultz, J. (2004). The Place of Values in SOSE Inquiry: An example related to the topic of Reconciliation. The Social Educator, December 2004, 15-23. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (1998). Learning To Live Together In Peace and Harmony: Values Education for Peace, Human Rights, Democracy and Sustainable Development for the Asia-Pacific Region. Bangkok, TH: UNESCO Principal Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Woodgate, R., Black, A., Owens, B., Biggs, J. (2011). Legal Studies for Queensland Volume 1 (6th Ed.). Brisbane, AU: Legal Eagle Publications.

The Battle of Fort Necessity

The Battle of Fort necessity, also know as the Battle of The Great Meadows, is considered the flashpoint of the French and Indian War that started on the morning of July3, 1754. The battle between British and French forces and their respective Indian allies, took place 65 miles north of Fort Duquesne (located at the forks of the Ohio River) in the Ohio River Valley in present day Pennsylvania (Purvis 143).Most notably the commander of the British Colonial forces was a 23 year old, Virginia military officer, by the name of Lieutenant Colonel George Washington who initially had been sent into the area with 200 men to assist with and protect the construction of a British fort at the forks of the Ohio. On April 20, 1754 news arrived that the French had already seized the fort and renamed it Fort Duquesne.(Marston 11,12). Washington began construction of Fort Necessity on 24 May after receiving intelligence that a party of French troops were moving against him (Marston 12). On 27 and 28 M ay, Washington took 40 militia soldiers and with the aid of his Indian ally, Half king of the Iroquois Confederacy, ambushed the French party killing 10 of their number, including their commander Joseph Coulon de Villiers (North 72).Washington knew that a strong French attack was imminent and retired to Fort Necessity to make preparations. With the arrival of Captains Lewis and Mackay and about 100 regular British soldiers a 2 few days before the battle brought the number of the garrison of Fort Necessity to around 400 men (Axelrod 216). On the morning of 3 July, 900 French and Indians, under the command of, Louis Coulon de Villiers (Joseph Coulon de Villiers brother), surrounded and attacked the fort.Washington had misjudged the distance from the wooden palisade his men had constructed to the wood line making their positions within musket range as well as having dug their entrenchments too shallow, to only about a depth of 5 feet. To make matters worse, it had begun to rain water l ogging the British trenches and fouling their muskets. After nine hours of fighting, with their supplies depleted and suffering not only losses under fire, but a considerable number of desertions, Washington accepted the inevitable and surrendered to the French (Marston 13).It would be the only surrender of his military career. 3 Works Cited Axelrod, Alan. Blooding at Great Meadows: Young Georg Washington and the Battle that Shaped the Man. Philadelphia: Running Press, 2007. Marston, Daniel. The French-Indian War, 1654-1760. London: Taylor and Francis, 2003 North, Sterling. George Washington: Frontier Colonel. New York: Sterling Publishing Co, 2006 Purvis, Thomas L. A Dictionary of American History. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing, 1997